The Pursuit Of Happiness By Julia K. Boehm And Sonja...

The pursuit of happiness has existed in the world since the beginning of the human existences. Almost everybody around the world have been curious when it comes to the word happy. Many scientists have tried to conduct research to understand what makes certain people happier than another. Since many scientists have researched the topic of happiness; naturally there will be controversy about what makes people joyful. There are two main arguments that take place on the topic of happiness and they are positive psychology can make us happier, but the other side is that positive psychology cannot make us happier. There are always two sides of every story, so let s explore each one. The controversy on one side says that the person s happiness†¦show more content†¦The discipline of learning to be joyful will be hard for cheerless people.One of the strategies that they offer in their journey is being grateful for the materials they have. Studies showed that people who do it all at once tend to have a positive result, instead of spreading the activity throughout the week. So if people will sit down once a week and think about the possessions they are grateful for then this could have a positive effect on their happiness. The other way that a cheerful person could find a car is through reliving a happy memory. This is through videotapes or even videos on their phone. There is a negative way to relive the memory and that is that one should not write it down. This for some reason has a negative effect on the person and makes them unhappy with the results.People who wrote their happy memories they showed and expressed how much they detested the task of writing their memories down. This would not help people who are more prone to unhappiness. These strategies have not been followed up in the long term, so they might just be efficient for a short period of time. This is just one side of the argument, so let s visit the other side of the argument. The other viewpoint is that no matter what strategies that a person uses that they are never in control of their happiness. No matter the event that happens, they will return to the original

Mental Health Disorders And Its Effects On The Growth And...

COURSE NAME: ASSIGNMENT NUMBER: ASSIGNMENT NAME: NAME: FACILITATOR: WORD COUNT: Diseases and ill health can largely affect the growth and development of a country’s economy if most members of its population are affected. Mental health disorders and injuries are one of the nine Australian National Health Priority Areas. This paper contains findings from research articles on the two mentioned areas to determine their effects and extent on the Australian population and also analyze the control and preventive measures put in place. MENTAL HEALTH DISORDERS Mental disorder can have devastating effects on an individual and family as well as the society at large. Mental disorder is an overall term used to refer to several specific disorders which include; clinical depression, anxiety disorders, substance use disorders, schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder and bipolar disorder. In Australia, the mental and substance use disorder contribution to the burden of disease has been reaffirmed by the 2010 Global Burden of Disease Study. In response to this, the Australian government has undertaken prevention and early intervention measures in addition to use of mental health services. The collection of data on the prevalence of mental health disorder within the country’s population has been widely done by use of population based surveys research method. The effect of the mental disorders and its extent to the population has propelled the health practitioners to come upShow MoreRelatedEarly Life Development Of Children Essay1592 Words   |  7 PagesEarly life is very crucial in the healthy development of a person. The initial years of a child are critical in determining their developmental trajectory. According to World Health Organization (2016), healthy early childhood development includes social, emotional, physical and intellectual growth. 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Integrating Budgets and Capital Investment Appraisal

Question: Discuss about the Integrating Budgets and Capital Investment Appraisal? Answer: Introduction Need for Budgeting Budgeting is a process of creating a plan of how the money will be spent. It ensures that the company has enough cash for its business activities and helps in keeping a company out of debt. Through budgeting, a company can avoid wasteful expenditures, quickly adapt to the changing financial conditions and therefore, achieve its financial goals. It helps in breaking down the expenses and helps in knowing exactly how a companys revenues and expenses will be managed. Process of Budgeting The various steps included in budgeting are as given below: Setting the goals the first and foremost step is to set the financial goals for the company. Different companies may have different financial goals like earning a required percentage of profit, breaking even, reducing debt, growth and expansion etc. depending on these goals, the company prepares its future budgets which will ultimately fulfil these goals. The goals can be short term, medium term or long term. Source of Finance the second step is decide on the sources of finance which includes own capital or borrowings. Depending on the financial goals, the company chooses its source of finance. Like if a makes long term goal to expand its business, then it may have to undertake a significant amount of loan apart from own capital. Projection of Revenue and costs the revenue projections are based on historical figures and expected growth. The fixed costs are more or less known and can be easily included in the budget. The variable costs can be controlled and should be properly budgeted. Target profit margin every business operates to make profits, hence, target profit margins should be decided and included in the budget. Board Approval the prepared budget should be presented to the board for approval and the board should keep a check if the performance is as per the budget. Budget review the budget should be reviewed on a periodic basis for actual performance versus the budgeted. Any variance should be found and be dealt with. Limitations of Budget Its not always possible to accurately determine revenue and expenses Involves lot of time and paper work and is costly Takes away the flexibility of the management It may sometimes lead to excessive spending as a department tries to utilize all the amount allocated to it It may lead to inter department conflicts in an organization Budget Preparation of the Hotel John wants to start a hotel with 20, 00,000. He has provided with the investment details that needs to be undertaken for starting the hotel which includes purchase of fixed assets like property, furniture, kitchen equipment, laundry equipment and gym equipment. Also some investment will be made in working capital. John has provided details of expected revenue and expenses for the first six months starting from April to September 2016. On the basis of the information provided, financial statements including Income Statement and Balance Sheet have been prepared and a Cash Budget has also been prepared. The statements are presented below: Cash Budget of the Hotel for six months ending 30th September, 2016 Particulars April May June July August September Total Opening Cash Balance 1,25,000 1,27,430 1,42,415 1,63,745 1,98,440 2,40,965 1,25,000 Receipts Collection from customers 12,150 16,200 28,350 36,450 36,450 28,350 1,57,950 Collection from customers 28,350 37,800 66,150 85,050 85,050 3,02,400 Total receipts 12,150 44,550 66,150 1,02,600 1,21,500 1,13,400 4,60,350 Payments Direct Materials 1,620 2,160 3,780 4,860 4,860 3,780 21,060 Direct Materials 6,480 8,640 15,120 19,440 19,440 69,120 Labour cost 8,100 10,800 18,900 24,300 24,300 18,900 1,05,300 Overhead cost 10,125 13,500 23,625 30,375 30,375 1,08,000 Total Payments 9,720 29,565 44,820 67,905 78,975 72,495 3,03,480 Closing Cash Balance 1,27,430 1,42,415 1,63,745 1,98,440 2,40,965 2,81,870 2,81,870 Budgeted Income Statement for the Hotel for six months ending 30th September, 2016 April May June July August September Total Sales 40,500 54,000 94,500 1,21,500 1,21,500 94,500 5,26,500 Cost of goods sold Direct Materials 33,100 10,800 18,900 24,300 24,300 18,900 1,30,300 Labour 8,100 10,800 18,900 24,300 24,300 18,900 1,05,300 Overhead 10,125 13,500 23,625 30,375 30,375 23,625 1,31,625 Total COGS 51,325 35,100 61,425 78,975 78,975 61,425 3,67,225 Gross Profit -10,825 18,900 33,075 42,525 42,525 33,075 1,59,275 Depreciation 4,875 4,875 4,875 4,875 4,875 4,875 29,250 Net Income -15,700 14,025 28,200 37,650 37,650 28,200 1,30,025 The income statement suggests a favourable outcome of the business as the company will start earning profits from the 1st month itself and we can see that the profits are increasing every month on an average except May and September, however the total profits more than 10% of the total revenue. Budgeted Statement of Financial Position of the Hotel as on 30th September, 2016 Assets Amount Liabilities Amount Current Assets Current Liabilities Inventory 10,000 Payables 38,745 Cash 2,81,870 Receivables 66,150 Total Current Assets 3,58,020 Total Current Liabilities 38,745 Fixed Assets Owner's Equity Leasehold Property 16,00,000 Owners capital 20,00,000 Furniture and Fittings 1,50,000 Retained Earnings 1,30,025 Kitchen Equipment 50,000 Laundry Equipment 25,000 Gym Equipment 15,000 Total Property, plant Equipment 18,40,000 less depreciation -29,250 Total Fixed Asset 18,10,750 Total Owner's equity 21,30,025 Total Assets 21,68,770 Total Liabilities 21,68,770 The financial position of the company looks good as the current assets are more than the current liabilities and the company has no debts in their entire business operations. The company is in a very liquid position with an increased cash balance from 125000 to 281870. This is a good indicator of profitable business. Capital Budgeting Techniques Capital budgeting is a planning process of determining whether an investment proposal should be undertaken or not. In the above case, John wants to set up the hotel and wants to operate the same for 10 years. It is important to know whether investment undertaken for the hotel will be profitable or not i.e. the net cash flows from the investment will be enough to recover the initial investment or not. Capital budgeting discounts the future cash flows to bring it to the zero year so that we know the future cash flows discounted at current period are more than the initial investment or not. This process is undertaken to adjust for the effects of inflation and also the time value of money. The three most important capital budgeting techniques include Net Present Value (NPV), Payback period and Internal Rate of Return (IRR). NPV of the project Net present value is the difference between the cash outflows and cash inflows generated from the project. It is an effective tool since it takes into account the discounted cash flows to adjust for the uncertainties of the future cash flows. Year Net Cash Flow Proceeds from sale of hotel Total Cash Flow Present value factor PV of net cash flow 1 1,84,275 1,84,275 0.9345 1,72,204.99 2 1,89,803.25 1,89,803 0.8734 1,65,774.16 3 1,95,497.35 1,95,497 0.8163 1,59,584.48 4 2,01,362.27 2,01,362 0.7629 1,53,619.27 5 2,07,403.14 2,07,403 0.7129 1,47,857.70 6 2,13,625.23 2,13,625 0.6663 1,42,338.49 7 2,20,033.99 2,20,034 0.6227 1,37,015.16 8 2,26,635.01 2,26,635 0.582 1,31,901.57 9 2,33,434.06 2,33,434 0.5439 1,26,964.78 10 2,40,437.08 32,00,000.00 34,40,437 0.5083 17,48,774.17 Total PV of Cash Flows 30,86,034.78 Initial Investment 20,00,000.00 Net Present Value 10,86,034.78 The net cash flows are assumed to increase by 3% every year. Payback period Payback period is the time required by the project to recover its initial investment. Year Net Cash Inflow Cumulative net cash inflow 0 -20,00,000.00 -20,00,000.00 1 1,84,275 -18,15,725 2 1,89,803 -16,25,922 3 1,95,497 -14,30,424 4 2,01,362 -12,29,062 5 2,07,403 -10,21,659 6 2,13,625 -8,08,034 7 2,20,034 -5,88,000 8 2,26,635 -3,61,365 9 2,33,434 -1,27,931 10 34,40,437 33,12,506 Payback period = 9+ (-1, 27,931/34, 40,437) = 9.04 years Discounted Payback period Discounted payback period is the time required to recover the initial investment in terms of discounted cash flow. Year Net Cash Inflow Cumulative net cash inflow 0 -20,00,000.00 -20,00,000.00 1 1,72,204.99 -18,27,795 2 1,65,774.16 -16,62,021 3 1,59,584.48 -15,02,436 4 1,53,619.27 -13,48,817 5 1,47,857.70 -12,00,959 6 1,42,338.49 -10,58,621 7 1,37,015.16 -9,21,606 8 1,31,901.57 -7,89,704 9 1,26,964.78 -6,62,739 10 17,48,774.17 10,86,035 Discounted payback period = 9+ (6, 62,739/17, 48,774.17) = 9.38 years As per the capital budgeting techniques, a project with a positive NPV is acceptable as the cash inflows is more than the cash outflows. In the above case, the NPV is positive, hence the project is acceptable. With reference to the payback period, a project where the initial investment is recovered within the project period, the project becomes acceptable. In the above case, the initial investment is being recovered after 9 years but before 10 years. Even the discounted payback period where the cash inflows are discounted to the present year, is within 10 years, though it is more than the payback period, still the project becomes acceptable. References Pollitt, C. (2001), Integrating Financial Management and Performance Management, OECD Journal on Budgeting Finweb, (2012), The Importance of Budgeting, accessed online on 14th February, 2016, available at https://www.finweb.com/financial-planning/the-importance-of-budgeting.html#axzz40Dd6Q0ut Rothberg, A., (2013), The Importance of Business Budgeting, accessed online on 14th February, 2016, available at, https://www.cfoedge.com/resources/articles/cfo-edge-the-importance-of-business-budgeting.pdf Harbeler, C., Wahll, H., (2006), The Budget Process in a Hotel: A case study of Novotel, School of Business Economics and Law, Goteberg University Hopwood, G., (1973), An Accounting System and Managerial Behaviour, Lexington, USA Atkinson, S., Lebruto, S., (1997), A survey of Capital Budgeting Methods used by the Hotel/Gaming Industry, Journal of Hospitality Financial Management, Vol. 5/1 Turner, M., Guilding, C., (NA), Factors Affecting Biasing of Capital Budgeting Cash Flow Forecasts: Evidence from the Hotel Industry Wps.pearsoncustom, (NA), Capital Budgeting: Introduction and Techniques, accessed online on 14th February, 2016, available at, https://wps.pearsoncustom.com/wps/media/objects/2426/2484590/FIN202_CH10.pdf Drake, P., (NA), Capital Budgeting Techniques, accessed online on 14th February, 2016, available at, https://educ.jmu.edu/~drakepp/principles/module6/capbudtech.pdf

Undercover Angel Song Analysis. Follow Your Angel in Disguise

Of all the things underrated in the modern world, the 70s music must take the first place. Long-forgotten and considered genuinely shallow by most of the adepts of the present-day pop culture, it still has that undeniable sweetness and naivety that makes it stand out of the range of pop music subgenres.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Undercover Angel: Song Analysis. Follow Your Angel in Disguise specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Despite the music of the 70s being considerably homogenous, which makes practically all the songs sound like siblings, there is still the charm of simplicity and light-heartedness in each of them, which makes the experience of plunging into the world of the 70s pop rock unforgettable. One of the most characteristic songs of the era, â€Å"Undercover Angel† by Alan O’Day is a perfect specimen to take a closer look at. The most peculiar thing about the song is that it is packed with all sorts of literary devices and, therefore, is more of a puzzle for the audience to solve, which makes it twice as interesting to listen to. To start with, there is an obvious irony in the song expressed in different ways here and there. The first and the most obvious instance of irony in the song is its title. Indeed, the word â€Å"undercover† is supposed to go with the word â€Å"agent,† yet the author evidently sings about the relationships with a woman who would not give in to his charms, thus, making a mix between an angel and an undercover agent. As for the metaphors, the song also has a couple of explicit ones, â€Å"undercover angel† among them. The phrase â€Å"give up my heart for you† (Faith E.M) can also be considered a metaphor for falling in love with the woman and trusting her completely. Finally, the phrase â€Å"midnight fantasy† (Faith E.M) must refer to the woman which the lead character of the song is obsessed with, which makes this phrase a metaphor as well. Weirdly enough, the image of an undercover angel must have been inspired by a dream as well, since O’Day never married. For an even more dramatic effect, the â€Å"one-hit wonder† (â€Å"Undercover Angel – Alan O’Day†) added some personification into the lyrics as well. Blending his fantasy with reality, he refers to the woman he loves as â€Å"a dream that made sweet love to me† (Faith E.M); personifying his dream, O’Day uses the later as a metaphor for the woman in the song. For those who might be wondering why not developing a character relating to a real woman whom O’Day met and loved, it is worth mentioning that O’Day was to enter a contest for the Warner Bros. with this song, which meant that the images in the song were supposed to be generic.Advertising Looking for research paper on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% O FF Learn More O’Day’s song is packed with symbolism. For instance, the image of an angel is the symbol of purity which must be the key feature of the female character in O’Day’s song, relating it to Dixieland music, â€Å"especially the blues† (Krangle), which is quite understandable, since O’Day was born in the very heart of California As for the use of simile, there is no obvious indication of them in the song. However, taking a closer look at the first lines of the song, one can suggest that â€Å"wonder is your night light† and â€Å"magic is your dream† (Faith E.M) can be interpreted as a sort of simile. Indeed, even though the given sentences miss the preposition â€Å"as,† it can still be considered that the author compares wonder to the night light and magic to a dream. The meaning of the song is rather obscure. O’Day sings about how lonesome he is when he suddenly realizes that a wonder in the sh ape of a beautiful woman appears in front of him; the image is, probably, inspired by the women O’Day knew (O’Day, â€Å"Personal Thoughts and Pics†). After a delightful yet short storm of emotions that seizes both of the characters, the woman leaves the man, making him sad. O’Day may be telling about how short love can last and what emptiness it leaves when vanishing into thin air. Therefore, the song incorporates rather easy lyrics, the beat both to dance to and to listen to on short summer nights, and the idea behind the song that makes the composition a treasure trove for all those who listen to it close enough. Although it cannot be considered the classics to remember to the end of times, this song is definitely a gift from the era when rock and pop genres could be mixed into a catchy and at the same time rather deep song. With the help of a few literary devices, the song manages to conceal a lot of   hints which add a specific flair to the lyrics; the latter comprised with the melody, produces a unique piece of art. Works Cited Krangle, Jodi.  Ã‚  A Muse’s Interview with Songwriter, Alan O’Day. The Muse’s Muse, n.d., http://www.musesmuse.com/int-alanoday.html. O’Day, Alan. Alan O’Day. Utopia Artists, n.d., https://utopiaartists.com/.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Undercover Angel: Song Analysis. Follow Your Angel in Disguise specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More O’Day, Alan. Personal Thoughts Pics.   Alan O’Day, n.d.,  http://www.alanoday.com/ Seida, Linda.  Alan O’Day. Biography. All Music, 2012,  https://www.allmusic.com/artist/alan-oday-mn0000508449 Undercover Angel Lyrics.  eLyrics,  2002, https://www.elyrics.net/. Undercover Angel – Alan O’Day.   Top One Hit Wonders, 2010. Web. This research paper on Undercover Angel: Song Analysis. Follow Your Angel in Disguise was written and submitted by user Damian Houston to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Spanish Gerund Following Verbs Other Than Estar

Spanish Gerund Following Verbs Other Than Estar The Spanish gerund - the verb form ending in -ando or -iendo - is used frequently with forms of estar to form the progressive tenses. However, it can also be used with other verbs, sometimes with meanings that are similar to the progressive tenses. Verbs Often Used With the Gerund Here are some of the most common verbs that can be followed by the gerund: Seguir or Continuar These verbs typically mean to keep on or to continue. With this usage, the two verbs are generally interchangeable with little difference in meaning. Sony sigue hablando mal del plasma, mientras sigue lanzando televisores LCD. (Sony keeps on speaking poorly of plasma while it keeps on releasing LCD televisions.)Venezuela continuar comprando cemento cubano. (Venezuela will keep on buying Cuban cement.)Muchas veces seguimos durmiendo ms de lo que deberà ­amos. (Many times we continue sleeping longer than we should.)Las cuatro continuaban peleando y un hombre que se movilizaba en una motocicleta aprovechà ³ para robarles. (The four kept on fighting and a man on a motorcycle took advantage of the situation to rob them.) Andar Although standing alone andar typically means to walk, when followed by a gerund it means roughly the same as to go around doing something in a rather pointless or unproductive fashion. If youre translating to English, the translation can vary considerably with context. Andar generally has a negative connotation when used this way. Descubrà ­ el foro porque andaba navegando en Internet. (I discovered the forum because I was browsing around the Internet.)Katy anda comiendo todo el dà ­a. (Katy goes around eating all day.)Tà º sabes que todos andamos buscando una vida que satisfaga. (You know that all of us spend our time looking for a satisfying life.) Ir Sometimes, ir is used in the same way as andar, above. But it usually doesnt have the negative connotation. In fact, it usually suggests that the action in progress is proceeding gradually or steadily. Again, translations of ir followed by the Spanish gerund can vary with the context. Vamos estudiando mejor la situacià ³n real del pueblo. (We are coming to study better the real situation of the people.)Fueron comprando trozo a trozo el terreno durante un proceso de unos quince aà ±os ms o menos. (They went about buying the land one piece at a time during a process that lasted 15 years more or less.)Los estudiantes van ganando influencia. (The students are steadily gaining influence.) Venir Followed with a gerund, venir often refers to something that has been occurring for a long time and is still continuing. It sometimes conveys frustration that the action isnt complete. As in the first two examples below, it is often used to indicate how long something has been occurring. En los à ºltimos aà ±os, se viene hablando de liderazgo. (In recent years, much has been spoken about leadership.)Hace seis meses que viene probando suerte como modelo en Parà ­s. (For the past six months she has been trying her luck as a model in Paris.)Vienen diciendome que no soy normal. (They have been telling me that Im not normal.) Following Other Verbs With Gerunds In general, most verbs can be followed by a gerund as a way of indicating how the first verbs action in performed. In effect, the gerund functions much as an adverb. In many cases, sentences using a gerund in this way cant be translated word for word.. A few examples: Empezamos escuchando y terminamos entendiendo todo. (We begin by listening and finish by understanding everything.)De pronto nos encontramos escribiendo una nueva historia. (Suddenly we found ourselves writing a new story.)Antonio miraba estudiando todos mis movimientos. (Antonio watched me, studying all of my movements.)Buscamos en su Instagram unos fotos donde aparezcas sonriendo. (We are searching on your Instagram feed for photos where you appear to be smiling.)  Ã‚ ¡Ã‚ ¡Ella perdià ³ 12 kilos bebiendo este jugo milagroso!! (She lost 12 kilograms by drinking this miracle juice!) Key Takeaways The gerund is used most often with estar to form the progressive or continuous tenses.It can also be used with several other verbs, among them seguir and continuar, to convey an idea similar to a progressive tense.In other situations, the gerund can function much like an adverb in modifying or explaining the meaning of another verb.

Machiavelli and the Good Life essays

Machiavelli and the Good Life essays Machiavelli's The Prince is an outstanding book. It presents the theme of how to live the good life and be a good Prince. The good Prince is someone who is never afraid. He lives the good life by scaring other people. Machiavelli talks about how the Prince is someone who knows how to be a governor. He says, "If you want to be a good Prince, then you should be a good Prince." (p. 45) My thesis is that the good life comes from being a good Prince. Machiavelli was one time an Italian. But there was no Italy. He was living in a place called Italy, which was in Florence. He lived the good life. I think that today when people live the good life, they call it like pimping. Like we said in class, being head of Italy (or Florence) was being like a Pimp Daddy. That's kind of what Machiavelli was about, which reminds us of the rapper Machiavelli. I think that the good life is like Pimping. In conclusion, the Prince is a pimp. Machiavelli, The Prince. 1st edition. Wallflower Press, 1523. ...

International trading blocks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

International trading blocks - Essay Example TRIAD refers to three regional free-trade blocs which include NAFTA (USA, Mexico and Canada), EU (27 nations primarily located in Europe) and ASEAN (10 Asian countries). These are also grouped around some common currencies (the euro, the yen and the dollar) According to Fan Zhai (2006) by 2005 in Asia, there were 18 bilateral trade agreements and at least 30 new preferential trade agreements. The graph below is a glimpse of different regional trade agreements in Asia. Recent trends Trade diplomacy is now a part of the relationship that a country shares with another. After the establishment of WTO, 20 PTAs are formed on average on yearly basis. However one can notice the decline in regional cooperation, as cross-regional agreements are increasing in number. According to Heydon Ken (2010) over half of the world’s trade is through preferential trade agreements. Countries that get involved in these trade agreements have preference for speed and responsiveness. Bilateral agreements are preferred over multilateral agreements due to ease of enforcement and require less negotiation. Zhai (2006) reports that the new PTAs in Asia agree on more that tariff and non-tariff policies, rather they include provisions on nvestment liberalization, services, assistance in trade and technical and economic collaboration. The graph below shows the drastic rate at which the number of PTAs are increasing. Benefits of PTAs The foremost reason for creating a PTA is to gain concessions in trade with member countries. Being in a PTA implies that the member countries will get preference over other non-member countries. This removal of barriers of trade has a number of inherent benefits. These can be in several forms, such as: Economies of scale In countries that are located nearby each other, having preference can also benefit through lower transportation costs. Japan-Singapore Economic Partnership Agreement (JESPA) is an agreement in which both the nations have promised coordination in technology, regulatory, e-commerce, media and broadcasting, and human resources. This will benefit the multinational companies in both the countries because they can take benefit of economies of scale at regional level. Tax benefits Countries in PTA agree to trade with member countries at low tariffs, but do not abolish them; this reduces the cost of trade. The loss of tax revenue from import duties can be made up by more trade and more taxes from increased activity in the country. More trade Integration of international markets through reduction in tariffs and other barriers have led to reduction in the cost of trade. Thus countries can now concentrate on their production facilities only and produce those goods in larger quantities in which they have absolute or comparative advantage. More trade is expected to raise the standard of living of people in countries. Hub and Spoke structure The hub and spoke structure works in a way that several smaller vehicles (spoke), remain indi vidually managed but pool their assets to contribute to a central investment vehicle (hub). So the well established businesses become the hub and can give a few countries preferential treatment to a few