To what extent is the documentary film 'sisters in law' a reliable Essay

How much is the narrative film 'sisters in law' a dependable source to represent the circumstance of ladies' privileges in Came - Essay Example Issues in Cameroon In this area, the issues looked by ladies in Cameroon have been recorded down and talked about as appeared in the narrative. The dependability of the narrative is additionally investigated with the assistance of some free sources. Kid Marriage The narrative shows that ladies are normally offered at a youthful age in the nation (Ayisi and Longinotto, 2005). Because of early marriage, they can't finish their training. An early marriage additionally offers ascend to early pregnancies which is unsafe both for the mother just as the youngster. This issue is confirmed by the measurements introduced by UNICEF. As indicated by UNICEF 36% of ladies were hitched before the age of 18 out of 2010. Along these lines, the issue of Child marriage is actually a major issue in Cameroon and has been caught well by the narrative (UNICEF, 2010). Auctioning off Daughters In the start of the narrative we have seen a case in which the ladies were ‘sold’ of as spouse by the d ad as an end-result of settlement. This is an extremely enormous issue in numerous Islamic social orders. Ladies are considered as product by the family which can be sold for the perfect sum (Ayisi and Longinotto, 2005). Despite the fact that the narrative has neglected to consider the issue that larger part of Cameroon occupants are not Muslims but rather the issue is as yet worth talking about as it influences 33% of Cameroon’s populace. The narrative presents this issue positively however neglects to educate us concerning the degree to which this issue torment the general public. Care of Children The Islamic law says that if there is divorced person or if the spouse flees, the authority of the kids remains with the dad. This is in sharp stand out from the cutting edge law which sees the mother as the most common caretaker of the kid. In spite of the fact that Cameroon has present day arrangement of law set up however the general public despite everything follows age old co nvention and a lady needs to battle so as to get authority of her kids (Ayisi and Longinotto, 2005).Once again the narrative concentrated on the Islamic populace of Cameroon and neglects to give an understanding into the practices followed by others of Cameroon. Physical maltreatment Physical Abuse is another huge issue which is looked by ladies in Cameroon. This maltreatment isn't just perpetrated on more seasoned ladies yet even kids are not saved from it. It is basic for the spouse to routinely thump his significant other over little things. Youngsters are whipped barbarously by their gatekeepers over little blames (Ayisi and Longinotto, 2005).Report of UNICEF in 2010 likewise underpins the issue appeared in the narrative. It shows that 56% of populace of Cameroon legitimizes spouse beating and a high 93% has supported the beating of youngsters (UNICEF, 2010).Thus the issue appeared in the narrative additionally discovers reverberation with UNICEF and shows that the issue has bee n demonstrated dependably and effectively. Social Boycott Cameroon is a customary society where matters of the house are not taken outside. The older folks of the house or of the town assemble so as to settle the issue .It is untouchable for ladies to drag her better half to the court regardless of whether she has been enduring a ton. When a lady chooses to break free of

French new wave Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

French new wave - Essay Example This paper will dissect a specific development in it which is called French New Wave. One would no doubt about it that after the World War II the film in France was encountering restoration. In reality, 1950’s and 1960’s were the decades when capable bearings were attempting to build their own extraordinary vision of the world and pass on it with the assistance of their movies. From the outset the general population just as the pundits didn't acknowledge this novel methodology in a positive manner, believing it to be crude, ridiculous and totally inadequate with regards to any feel. In any case, after some time the strong new vision of the film makes was applauded and acknowledged. By and by, the decay of enthusiasm toward French New Wave rose in 1980’s with new social predominant showing up in the worldwide imaginative condition. Considering the improvement of the previously mentioned development, one can not resist seeing that it has been to a great extent impacted by the American noir films just as the chiefs who made them. At the end of the day, it isn't the standard Hollywood motion pictures that formed their perspective, yet rather those films which were made by evident bosses of their exchange (Kaplan 2009, p. 56). Without a doubt, the French executives needed their films to have structure and feel that would be trademark to one chief just, making the world which can not be mistaken for crafted by another person. It is very clear that the investigation of French New Wave may not be finished without assessment of its formal and account styles. Talking about the previous, it must be noticed that the executives explored different avenues regarding new methods of altering and attempted to introduce their motion pictures in an irregular way. For instance, following shots or hop slices were oftentimes used to show the fracture of the portrayal (Marie 2003, p. 43). Long shots were utilized essentially to sort out the visual condition and present the crowd with a superior comprehension of the general circumstances. Another point that ought to be

How to Get Visitors to Return to Your Site

How to Get Visitors to Return to Your Site Is there a method for bringing back people who used to enjoy your blog? It is possible that the damage you did has made it so that they do not want to rejoin your blog again. Some people are simply put off your blog and never want to return. Here are some tips for attracting users with the hopes that your old blog viewers will get caught up in the foray and will return to you like a joke about a boomerang (dont you remember the joke about the boomerang? No worries, it will come back to you). Related content/suggested content options below each blog post This is a great way of having people on your website look at other blog posts. It is also a way of getting people who may be leaving your website to have a look around at your other blog posts. It may also get other people involved in your website to the point where they go back and tell other people to look at your website. There is a chance that some of your current viewers are looking at your blog because their friends told them to. If you are engaging those people then there is a chance that they will bring their friends back into the fold. That is why having them look around your website at your other blog posts is a good idea. Curated images and blog post titles on your social media pages This is just an idea that may help to bring more people back to your website. You first need to cook up some images that relate to your blog posts. For each image you put a relevant blog title underneath as a link. Create a few of these and then post them on your social media profiles. Adding a picture to the title of your blog posts will draw peoples attention so that they look at your titles and they may click on them. Putting them on your social media profiles may attract your old viewers as they may still be watching or monitoring your social media profiles even if they are not involved in your blog anymore. It may help to bring a few people back. Make sure you have an RSS feed This is so that if they are lost forever you may get lucky. They may not delete you from their RSS feed and then come back at a later date when they wonder if you have made any progress or changes since you last put them off. Sure, it is a long shot, but the fact is that you should have an RSS feed anyway so that people who do want to read your posts can get to your posts and know when they have been published. Improve your writing skills as that may be what put them off There are times when it is not your message that is at fault. It may be your writing skills. It may simply be the fact that people are having trouble following what you are saying. They may also find yourself posts hard to take seriously because you are making silly mistakes in how you write. If this is the case then you may want to start learning how to be a better writer. You will be able to bring back those people who you lost when they see that you have smartened up your act. Identify what put people off in the first place Once you have figured out what they are then announce your changes on social media. You could ask people what put them off, but how do you find them to ask them? You cannot ask them on your blog because they are the ones that are still watching and reading your blog. You could start asking people for potential improvements to your blog. You could ask people on social media or even add polls and questionnaires at the bottom of your blog posts. Find out what they say and see if any of the suggestions or comment appears more than once. If a criticism occurs more than once then it may be something you should consider changing. Once you have found the fault with your blog then you need to start changing it. Once it is fully changed and you are confident about it then you may start announcing your changes on social media. As previously mentioned, you may still have old viewers monitoring your social media profiles. If this is the case, then reading about your changes may help bring them back.

Data Of A Manage System Essay - 1638 Words

EXECUTIVE SUMMERY †¢ PURPOSE: The main purpose of the data of a manage system in cafe latteria, the cafe has given more helpful in sequence to get better the problems. The manger can improve the management level throughout every day. †¢ METHODOLOGY : The cafe latteria given the data of purchase system, receiving system, storage data and issue system from record of manage scheme. The cafe collect and proposal depend theories and experience. †¢ FINDINGS: All types of beverages and some fast food are sale in the cafe, but the beverage bottles and cans are given limited profit. After some time food and beverage menu should be redesigned. The manager should take more steps to improve the sales and service style. †¢ Conclusions: Food and beverage outlets always depend on good control system which is very important for any restaurant and cafe. The food quality standard and f b service quality is also helpful for improve the image of property. If the cafe is gain more profit and more revenue it is depend on service quality and standards of food to provide customers. TABLE OF CONTENT EXECUTIVE SUMMERY....................................................................... INTRODUCTION................................................................................. MANAGEMENT OF THE CONTROL SYSTEM OFShow MoreRelatedAssignment 2 Database Management Systems1167 Words   |  5 Pages Database Management Systems General Database Concepts 1. Describe the types of facility you would expect to be provided in a multi-user DBMS. Data Storage, Retrieval and Update. A User-Accessible Catalog. Transaction Support. Concurrency Control Services. Recovery Services. Authorization Services. Support for Data Communication. Integrity Services. Services to Promote Data Independence. Utility Services. 2. Discuss the differences between DDLRead MoreAbstract:. 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Indigenous Interpreting Issues in Western Australian Courts - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 2990 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Indigenous Interpreting Issues in WA Courts Central to the concept of justice in Australia is a fair trial. An essential feature of this is that the defendant à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"not only be physically present but should also be able to understand the proceedings and the nature of the evidence against him or herà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.[1] Therefore, if a witness is not sufficiently skilled in English to do this, a court interpreter is vital to ensure justice is done. The Western Australian Chief Justice Wayne Martin sets this out clearly in his letter to the Equal Opportunity Commissioner: If the trial of an alleged offender occurs in circumstances in which that person is unable to comprehend the course of the trial because, for example, of an inability with English and the lack of an interpreter, the trial process is unfair and any judgement obtained would be set aside.[2] The absence of an interpreter in such situations would therefore be tantamount to a miscarri age of justice, as would the employment of an incompetent interpreter with no appreciation of the witnessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s cultural background. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Indigenous Interpreting Issues in Western Australian Courts" essay for you Create order This is necessary if they are to breach the communication divide between the witness and the court. In Western Australia interpreting issues are of particular concern regarding Indigenous Australian witnesses. Indigenous people are vastly over-represented in the prison population. In fact, WA has the highest ratio of indigenous to non-indigenous incarceration rates in Australia à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 20 times higher for indigenous people.[3] The number is even greater for juvenile offenders in detention.[4] According to the WA Department of Indigenous Affairs, there are at least 80 language groups in the state, and in 35 per cent of Indigenous communities the main language spoken is an Aboriginal language.[5] With such a disproportionate level of contact with the legal system, issues of indigenous witness communication are of the utmost importance. The first scenario where a miscarriage of justice can occur is where there is a lack of any interpreter at all. There is no automatic r ight in WA to an interpreter, the matter being left instead to the discretion of the court.[6] Judges and other judicial officers however do not generally have the expertise to accurately assess a witnessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s level of English competency, and often overestimate it.[7] A witness may be able to understand complex utterances but not produce them him or herself, or they may mask their shortcomings by replying with stock phrases or scaffolding their replies around the questions and prompts directed to them.[8] Additionally, some judges are reluctant to allow an interpreter to be used where the witness has some command of English due not only to a preference to speak directly to a witness if possible, but also arising from a view that it would bestow an unfair advantage upon them or allow them to somehow use the interpreter à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"as some sort of propà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ in manipulating the court.[9] It has even been suggested that a capable speaker might have a à ¢Ã¢ ‚ ¬Ã‹Å"field dayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ in drawing out the questioning process by communicating through an interpreter.[10] Kirby J in the case of Adamoloulos v Olympic Airways SA criticised this approach, as: The mere fact that a person can sufficiently speak the English language to perform mundane or serial tasks or even business obligations does not necessarily mean that (s)he is able to cope with the added stresses imposed by appearing as a witness in a court of law.[11] Dr Michael Cooke provides many examples illustrating this statement, in which indigenous witnesses deemed competent to give evidence without an interpreter subsequently found themselves struggling to manage. One witness became confused by the rapidly changing subject matter of the questions put to him, while another confused miles with yards, and gave an absurd estimation of an important distance.[12] Complicated linguistic constructions such as negative questions can often confuse indigenous witnesses. If as ked à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"you couldnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t see the gun, could you?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ a native English speaker would probably answer à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"noà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, meaning they couldnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t see it, whereas a typical indigenous response would beà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å" yesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ to confirm the truth of the negative statement.[13] The misleading appearance of English competency is particularly pertinent to indigenous people, as they may speak pidgins and kriols which seem similar enough to English, but in fact contain crucial differences.[14] There is a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"danger of attempting to interpret what a person is saying by assuming that recognisably English words mean the same as they do in Englishà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.[15] For example, kinship terms can have different and very complex meanings when used by an indigenous person, and in some Aboriginal English varieties such as the widely-spoken Kriol, the word à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"killà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ means à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"hità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ or à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"injureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ rather than à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"kill deadà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.[16] This could obviously impact hugely on a witnessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s testimony. The second situation is where there is an interpreter, but they are not suitable. Finding an appropriate interpreter can be particularly problematic for indigenous languages. There are simply not enough accredited interpreters; for some languages there are none at all.[17] In fact, in a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"deplorable state of affairsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, WA has no accredited indigenous interpreter training courses and no state-wide, properly qualified and adequately resourced interpreter service for indigenous languages.[18] The National Accreditation Authority for Translators and Interpreters (NAATI) does not even have a test for indigenous interpreters beyond the paraprofessional level.[19] Magistrates working in the Goldfields revealed that they à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"could count on one hand the number of times they had access to trained interpreters for Indigenous people in the last four yearsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, despite requiring them on a weekly basis.[20] WAà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s vast distances and the fact that cultural nuances will vary from community to community can also impact heavily on the provision of interpreter services.[21] Where traditional languages are involved, any interpreter is likely to come from the same clan as the witness and be personally connected to the parties in question. It is therefore difficult for them to remain objective and detached.[22] Many interpreters are unwilling to interpret for very serious matters as their role is often misunderstood by the community, and they are frightened of being accused and blamed when proceedings do not turn out favourably.[23] In extreme cases, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"lives could be at risk just by trying to fulfil their task of interpreting.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[24] There are also complicated issues of w ho can interpret for whom à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" for example, an interpreter may not be able to speak to or about those in a particular kinship relationship to them, or a female interpreter may be unable to interpret for a male regarding some matters such as rape.[25] The lack of indigenous interpreters available has sometimes forced courts to use unqualified family, friends or even other prisoners as interpreters, even in trials for charges as serious as murder.[26] Clearly this is a very dangerous practice, as research has shown that even NAATI accreditation is alone not sufficient for legal interpreters to perform competently. Rigorous special training of highly competent bilinguals is the only way to acquire the necessary skills.[27] The commonly held fallacy perpetuating such unacceptable standards is that any bilingual person will do, with à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"no preparation required [as] they are simple translating literally what is said in courtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.[28] The case in real ity is much more complicated than this. If a competent interpreter is in fact obtained, there are still issues to be solved. Firstly, there is confusion about the actual role of the interpreter. The attitude that an interpreter is simply a word-for-word translation conduit might appear facilitative to upholding objective interpreter standards, but in fact it is not only unhelpful but often impossible. As one Pitjantjatjara interpreter puts it: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"When white fellow talk in big words there is no way of putting that across to [the witness] in the language, because Pitjantjatjara is only a straightforward languagewhen they come with big words and make a big sentence out of it you have got no way of trying to talk to them in the language.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[29] A single word may sometimes require a whole story to explain it, resulting in objections to what sounds like the interpreter adding in extra material.[30] In particular, technical legal terms often do not have exact equivalents in indigenous languages and thus may be stripped of important legal significance in the struggle to convey them to a witness.[31] A true interpretation must preserve not only the pure linguistic content, but also all of the nuance, meaning and significance with which it was intended. Thus interpreting is not strictly limited to language skills. A good interpreter must also have an appreciation of the cultural background of the witness, as meaning is heavily defined by cultural contexts. In a simple illustration of this, Dr Diana Eades discusses a witness who gave evidence that on a particular night there was a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"half moonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ shining. The cross-examining counsel asserted that this was a lie, whereupon the interpreter was able to avert a serious undermining of the witnessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s credibility by explaining that what the witness called a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"half moonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ was what court would call a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"crescent mo onà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.[32] This is a straightforward example, but culturally ingrained perceptions, assumptions, beliefs and understandings can be much harder to isolate and explain. Additionally, despite the potential gravity of such situations, there is a lack of protocol regarding what an interpreter should do if they believe there to be a possible cultural misunderstanding. In a national survey of interpreting practices in Australian courts, 24% of the respondent interpreters said that they would not be willing to alert the court to such situations, and a further 21% did not provide an answer, perhaps due to uncertainty about what they should do.[33] Even if an interpreter does wish to notify the court, how they ought to interrupt proceedings to do this is unclear.[34] How far to go when explaining cultural differences is also difficult à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" if an interpreter tried to explain every aspect of culture which may be affecting a witnessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s testimony it co uld be an impossible task. However competent and culturally aware an interpreter is, sometimes the cultural gulf is simply too wide to be addressed at individual points. The question-and-answer style of witness testimony in WA courts may not serve to elicit a full and accurate story from an indigenous witness. This interview form of speech is not a feature of traditional indigenous societies.[35] In fact, direct and unequivocal questions, answers and opinions may be actively avoided, as central to much indigenous social interaction is the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"important element ofà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦indirectnessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.[36] Silence in indigenous conversation is accepted and valued, whereas in Australian courts it may be taken as a sign of evasion or guilt. It may also be assumed that a silence in an indigenous personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s speech shows that they have finished speaking, and the questioner will therefore interrupt them before they have given their entire answer.[37] Phe nomena such as gratuitous concurrence arise when indigenous witnesses attempt to align their methods of communication with those of non-indigenous Australians. Gratuitous concurrence in indigenous witnesses has been well documented and involves answering à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"yesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ to a question (or à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"noà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ to a negative question) regardless of whether this is actually correct.[38] Kriewaldt J, formerly of the NT Supreme Court, said of Aboriginal witnesses: An answer in the affirmative could indicate that the Aboriginal witness is trying to understand the question, that he has understood it, that he has understood part of it, that he may not have understood it at all, or that he does not want the question to go unanswered, or that he thinks that an affirmative answer is more likely to be acceptable to the questioner than a negative answer.[39] Similarly, one indigenous interpreter explained that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"people will say things that a white person wanted to hear, and its not necessarily what he really means.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[40] This even extends to a tendency to plead guilty, even when they have done nothing wrong.[41] It is difficult to see how an interpreter could overcome these issues while still upholding their duty to convey what is said as faithfully as possible. Even more impossible to address are metalinguistic issues such as body language. When assessing the truthfulness or integrity of a witness, demeanour is very influential. In indigenous societies, making direct eye contact can be a sign of disrespect, while in western culture evading eye contact may be taken as a sign of shiftiness and dishonesty.[42] The lack of understanding about the role and importance of interpreters can also create more basic problems for them in the court room. Interpreters must at times battle inadequate working conditions and a lack of respect for their position.[43] Interpreting is highly mentally taxing work, and it has been shown that an interpreterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s skill level begins to decline even before they realise they are tired.[44] Despite this, interpreters have reported instances such as being forced to speak or stand for hours, having to sit in the dock with a charged criminal and no security guard between them, and not being provided with essentials such as a table, chair, and water.[45] One interpreter asks: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"How can we be respected as a professional when not treated as such? How can we be expected to do our best when our working conditions are so non-conducive?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[46] The lack of briefing or preparation materials is also a problem which impacts on an interpreterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s capability.[47] An interpreter cannot accurately convey meaning when they are operating in a complete vacuum of context. Being thrust into the midst of a complicated situation they know nothing about and being expected to enable smooth communication is described as à ¢Ã¢â €š ¬Ã‹Å"walking blindà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.[48] An interpreter may also suddenly be expected to have an entire vocabulary dealing with a specific technical area which they have never encountered before and which they have had no chance to look over.[49] The absence of a competent interpreter with an appreciation of the cultural background of the witness is tantamount to a miscarriage of justice as the basic elements of a fair trial will not be met, and serious misunderstandings can and do occur. However, even the best of interpreters cannot address all of the cultural differences and misunderstandings which may arise when an indigenous witness is in court. The intimidating, foreign and interrogatory style of the courtroom does not suit indigenous people. In WA, Indigenous Sentencing Courts established at Norseman and Kalgoorlie have had some success in making the process more culturally appropriate, but are very limited in application and jurisdiction.[50] There is definitely a need for greater quality and quantity of legal interpreters for indigenous languages, along with a better understanding of the role, needs and importance of the interpreter, and a greater understanding of indigenous culture by legal professionals and the public. It is easier for non-English speakers from overseas to access an interpreter in Australian courts than it is for Australiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s own indigenous people.[51] In its Inquiry into Access to Justice Arrangements, The Aboriginal Legal Service of Western Australia concludes that there are à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"two tiers of civil justice in WA: that afforded to mainstream society, and that afforded to Aboriginal peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.[52] It should be a matter of national urgency to ensure that indigenous people are not à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"subjectedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦to second-class justiceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. The provision of competent interpreters to indigenous witnesses is definitely an important step in addressing this, but there are more deeply rooted issues underlying the over-representation of Indigenous people in Australian courts which must also be faced. [1] Ebatarinja v Deland (1998) 194 CLR 444 [26] per Gaudron, McHugh, Gummow, Hayne and Callinan JJ. [2] Letter from Wayne Martin CJ to the Equal Opportunity Commissioner, 27 February 2007, quoted in Equal Opportunity Commission Western Australia, Indigenous interpreting service: Is there a need? (2010), 16. [3] Australian Bureau of Statistics, Prisoners in Australia Catalogue No 4517.0 (2012), 50. [4] Australian Bureau of Statistics, The Health and Welfare of Australiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples Catalogue No 4704.0 (2008), 228 . [5] Kate Allingham, and Dennis Eggington, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"WA Calls for a Statewide Aboriginal Interpreter Serviceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2006) 6(22) Indigenous Law Bulletin 6, [2]. [6] Dairy Farmers Cooperative Milk Co Ltd v Acquilina (1963) 109 CLR 458, 464; Commonwealth AttorneyÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ Generalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Department, Access to Interpreters in the Australian Legal System: Repo rt (Australian Government Publishing Service, 1991) 39. [7] Michael Cooke, Indigenous Interpreting Issues for Courts (Australian Institute of Judicial Administration, 2002) 9. [8] Ibid 9-10. [9] Ibid 9, 16 . [10] Gradidge v Grace Bros (1988) 93 FLR 414, 426 per Samuels JA. [11] (1991) 25 NSWLR 75, 78. [12] Cooke, Indigenous Interpreting Issues for Courts, above n 7, 12, 16. [13] Ibid 18. [14] Ibid 2. [15] Ibid 5. [16] Ibid 3. [17] Sandra Hale, Interpreter Policies, Practices and Protocols in Australian Courts and Tribunals: A National Survey, (The Australasian Institute of Judicial Administration Incorporated, 2011) 18. [18] Aboriginal Legal Service of Western Australia, Submission to the Productivity Commission, Inquiry into Access to Justice Arrangements, November 2013, 6. [19] Equal Opportunity Commission Western Australia, Indigenous interpreting service: Is there a need? (2010) 20. [20] Ibid 18. [21] Ibid 5. [22] Michael Cooke, La w Reform Commission of Western Australia, Caught in the Middle: Indigenous Interpreters and Customary Law, Project 94, Background Paper 2, 2006, 89. [23] Ibid 100, 84-87, 116. [24] Ibid 112. [25] Ibid 102. [26] Allingham and Eggington, above n 5, [5]; Equal Opportunity Commission Western Australia , above n 19, 18. [27] Hale, above n 17, 3. [28] Ibid 2. [29]Australian Law Reform Commission, Recognition of Aboriginal Customary Laws, Report 31 (1986) s598. [30] Cooke, Caught in the Middle, above n 22, 86. [31] Australian Law Reform Commission, above n 29, s598. [32] Diana Eades, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Telling and Retelling Your Story in Court: Questions, Assumptions and Intercultural Implicationsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2008) 20(2) Current Issues in Criminal Justice 209, 220. [33] Hale, above n 17, 45. [34] Ibid 44. [35] Ibid 218. [36] Eades, Diana, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Communicative Strategies in Aboriginal Englishà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ in Suzanne Romaine (ed), Language in Australia (Cambridge University Press, 1991) 84, 87. [37] Eades, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Telling and Retelling Your Story in Courtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, above n 32, 220. [38] Ibid 219; Cooke, Indigenous Interpreting Issues for Courts, above n 7, 14. [39] R v Aboriginal Dulcie Dumaia (1959) NT 274, quoted in Eades, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Telling and Retelling Your Story in Courtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, above n 32, 219. [40] Cooke, Caught in the Middle, above n 22, 91. [41] Cooke, Caught in the Middle, above n22, 109; Equal Opportunity Commission Western Australia, above n 19, 19. [42] Eades, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Telling and Retelling Your Story in Court, above n 32, 224. [43] Hale, above n 17, 23-34. [44] Judicial Commission of NSW, Equality Before The Law Bench Book (2006) 3306. [45] Hale, above n 17, 24; ABC Radio National à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Interpreters in the Courtroomà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, The Law Report, 16 September 2008, (Damien Carrick), Sandra Hale. [46] Hale, above n 1 7, 23. [47] Ibid 28. [48] Ibid 31, 32. [49] ABC Radio National, above n 44, Tony Foley. Ludmilla Stern [50] Kathleen Daly and Elena Marchetti, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Indigenous Sentencing Courts: Towards a Theoretical and Jurisprudential Modelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2007) 29 Sydney Law Review 415, 435. [51] Aboriginal Legal Service of Western Australia, Submission to the Productivity Commission, Inquiry into Access to Justice Arrangements, November 2013, 7. [52] Ibid 9.

The International Covenant On Civil And Political Rights

Section 3 – Article 9 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights This article ensures the prohibition on arbitrary arrest and detention. It has been a long common method to deprive a person of his liberty by imprisoning. The deprivation of liberty is used as preventive measure for further offences occurring, flight or interference with material facts or witnesses in order to fight crime and maintain internal security. Such a measure should only be allowed if used when necessary because deprivation of personal liberty places the person affected in a vulnerable position because he could be subjected to torture and inhuman and/or degrading treatment. â€Å"Everyone has the right to liberty and security of person†, article 9(1) . The terms â€Å"liberty of person† means that this provision only applies to the aspect of human liberty. Also, only in specific places can the deprivation of liberty take place such as a prison, psychiatric facility, a re-education, concentration or work camp, or a detoxification facility for alcoholics or drug addicts and a house arrest . If the deprivation of liberty is less severe like in a domicile or residency, an exile, a confinement to an island or expulsion from a state territory it is within the scope of articles 12 and 13 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights . The deprivation of liberty is not a contested measure in itself but if it arbitrary and unlawful it is not acceptable. 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It comprises various interrelated attributes and is often linked to the enjoyment of other rights, such as the right to life and liberty and the prohibition against torture and other forms of cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. All persons must have equal rights of access to the courts and tribunals, including accessRead MoreProblems with Ethiopia’s Unofficial Cyber Espionage Essay1038 Words   |  5 Pagesinnocent journalists and violates the United Nations-The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights - Article 19 Freedom of Expression. The purpose of this paper will address problems with Ethiopia’s unofficial cyber espionage and evaluate the effects this has on journalist Article 19 freedom of expression is violated. Ethiopia’s Anti-Terrorism Proclamation are explained along with The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights which includes Article 19 and how both are used in journalism

Static Timing Analysis free essay sample

With  designs becoming increasingly complex  by the day and transistor geometries shrinking, almost all the functional domains across SoC design teams are having a hard time to signoff their functions and Static Timing Analysis (STA) timing closure is also no exception. STA Timing closure is always an important and critical part of SoC design and lower technology nodes have only compounded the challenges for  STA teams. As the VLSI industry has entered  the epoch of a lower technology node,  diminishing transistor sizes and interconnect lengths have disturbed the ratio of cell and interconnect delays. This leads to requirement of signing off the SoC at multiple corners. After timing signoff at multiple Processes, Voltage, Temperature (PVT) corners, the silicon fabricated at submicron technology nodes shows appreciable increase in yield in terms of meeting timing specifications of the design. However, timing closure at multiple PVT corners is in itself a huge challenge for the physical design team. This article will discuss these challenges and touch upon methodologies available to overcome them. We will discuss in detail, our solution to reduce the number of optimization corners in order to achieve efficient and coherent timing closure in minimum time. But before this, let us discuss in brief, the need to have multiple PVT corners for timing signoff. Cell delays and interconnect delays are governed by manufacturing Process (P), operating Voltage (V) and ambient Temperature (T) properties of dies. These factors determine the physical properties of cells and interconnect like W/L ratio of cells and Resistance (R) and Capacitance (C) value of interconnects. At the 180-nm technology node and above, timing signoff at worst and best standard cell PVT corners with 2 RC extraction corners, namely, Cmax Rmin (Cmax)   , and Cmin Rmax ( Cmin) was sufficient. On similar lines at 90 nm node 2 additional process corners Best Hot (Best process, Voltage at max temperature) and Worst cold (Worst process, voltage at min temperature) were introduced for the robust timing signoff, specifically for hold timing signoff as hold is skew dependent . The RC corners for these 2 process corners were similarly Cmax at min temperature and Cmin at max temperature respectively. In 90-nm technology and above, a timing path is predominantly governed by cell delays. However below 90nm node, the contribution of interconnect delay in a timing path is significant and the Coupling Cap component (Cc) in net delay can significantly alter slack values at an endpoint of a timing path. In all we have 4 X 4 = 16 corners for a single Timing Mode/View. If we have 8 STA modes for a design, then in all we have 8 X16 = 128 runs for the design. The first solution to avoid such an enervating analysis for a single mode is to look for a corner that forms a superset of the reset of corners. However a graphical distribution of slack values for a design block across all the 16 corners shows that none of the 16 corners was a complete superset over the others, thereby leaving us with no other option but to signoff the design at 16 corners. A silver lining amid all challenges  listed above is that the situation is not that bad for setup timing analysis. Setup timing violations are primarily dependent on the delay of the timing path (cell delays and interconnect delays, combinational and sequential arcs). These delays are significantly different for cell PVT corners (worst corners have delays considerably greater than the best corners) . For setup timing where worst corners are a complete superset over the best corners, the choice is between worst cold and worst hot standard cell corners to find out most critical corner for setup analysis. Conventionally, worst hot corner has more delays but at lower technology nodes, worst cold can have more delays because the threshold voltage of MOS comes into picture and transistor gets slower at lower temperature due to temperature inversion phenomena). When it comes to RC extraction corners, cmin is never more critical than other 3 RC corners. So for multi mode multi corner optimization for setup we can select 2 worst corner cell corners and cmax RC extraction corner (xtalk corner also if necessary) for meeting most of the setup paths in the design. But the situation is completely different for Hold Timing. As hold is skew driven, it is very difficult to judge which combination of process cell corner and RC extraction corner out of the 16 combinations would have most of the hold violations in the design. As the slack distribution plots for hold violations show, none of the 16 combination is a superset over the other (4 plots have been shown here for convenience). The challenge is to find the optimum number of optimization corners so as to ensure that appreciable numbers of violations are fixed ithout compromising the memory and runtime requirements of timing and placement tool. This task becomes more daunting as extraction corners depend heavily on design layout. Even in the same design, different blocks are found to have different RC combinations that yield maximum violations, and so is the case across different designs. The graphs shown below represent slack distribution of? a design in   two different RC Corners while keeping cell corner common. Here each graph shows the slack at each endpoint for the corner combination specified in x and y axis. The frequency of blue dots both above and below the unity slope line indicates that some  endpoints are more critical for x axis corner while an equally considerable  number are more critical for y axis  corner. Thus no RC corner is superset over other RC corner. So our focus here is to find   a generic approach that help us in deciding few optimization corners out of all signoff corners such that by fixing timing violations in only these few corners   by   APR tool,   most of the timing violations are fixed in one go. Our methodology is to find the optimum number of corners for hold timing signoff and Multi Mode Multi Corner hold optimization. We took 2 design blocks and did a comprehensive hold analysis across all 16 corners individually. It isn’t necessary that selecting the top most critical corners for optimization would solve this issue but instead we can look for finding out corner that have the maximum common violations with   the other 15 corners . The magnitude of violations could be taken care by adding extra pessimism in the optimization runs through uncertainties. 1. For this we prepared a 16 X 16 matrix where an element of the matrix m (i,j) showed the number of common violations between ith  and   jth combination corner. . In the next step we considered one  best process corner, among the 8  (highlighted in blue color) having   most number of common violations with   each of the 8 worst process corners,   for example best xtalk (in blue)   has the   maximum number of common violations with each of   the 8 worst corners and similarly we considered one worst   process corner, among the 8 (highlighted in purple) having most number of common violations with each of the   8 best cases. As shown in the figure worst cold xtalk (in purple) has the maximum number of common violations with each of the 8 best corners. Please note that this case can be already covered under Step 2 listed above but in our case violations in worst process and best process violations were not correlating. In some designs one of best corner can have most common number of violations with worst corner and can be marked with different color code. Now for each row/column the corner with the maximum number of red,green and (blue/puple) elements would be out best choice for hold optimization. In our case, this gave us the hold optimization corners as â€Å"best xtalk† and â€Å"worst cold   xtalk†. After that we fixed hold violations in these two corners best xtalk and worst cold xtalk. Again a 16 X 16 matrix was made with the same rules as the first. Corners fixed : Best cmin and worst cold xtalk Again step 2 was followed and this time the worst corner with maximum common violations was found to best cmin. The first 2 set of fixes plus a third set of fixes on best cmin were sourced across all corners to give us extremely positive results. Corners fixed : Best cmin ,Worst_cold_xtalk, Best Xtalk Observation : The matrix formed after this third level of hold fixing showed us that on an average more than 98 % of each of the 16 corners ‘s original violations were found to be fixed. The only violations remaining were the uncommon or mutually exclusive violations. We were able to narrow down from 16 corners to 3 corners which can be a part of the MMMC hold optimization thereby reducing tool run time/memory requirement and also reducing the number of hold violations to a far extent. The exercise can be repeated further to improve the percentage of fixed hold violations. The same methodology can be extended across multiple STA modes also to find mode and corner combinations having most common violations among multiple modes and multiple corners.

Gaps Model of Service Quality free essay sample

Model are knowledge gap, standards gap, delivery gap and communication gap. Knowledge gap is the difference between customers’ expectations and the retailer’s perception of these customer’s expectations. This occurs when a person do not know what the customers expect or want. By applying knowledge gap to Hamp;M retail store, it refers to the salesperson not knowing what their customers expect/want. For example, a customer visiting the Hamp;M store may expect fast checkout at the cashier and shorter queuing time at the fitting rooms. However, the salesperson may think that the customers do not mind queuing for a longer time but would prefer friendly assistance from them and better quality clothes. Hence, such difference between customers’ expectations and retailer’s perception of their customers’ expectations will lead to knowledge gap. In order to reduce the knowledge gap, surveys, interactions and customer complaints can be done. We will write a custom essay sample on Gaps Model of Service Quality or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Firstly, Hamp;M can carry out survey after each individual transaction. Hamp;M can conduct their surveys or feedback forms by distributing to every customer after they have made their payment. After they are done filling up the survey on their overall visit at Hamp;M, they can hand up their forms to the salesperson at the counter. Otherwise, Hamp;M can place a feedback box at the side to make things easier for everyone. Secondly, is through interacting with their customers and staffs. Hamp;M can get valuable feedbacks from their store employees on ways to improve on certain areas based on theirs or customer’s suggestions and comments. Apart from that, Hamp;M can actually interact with their customers through social media such as Facebook, Twitter etc. Since social media are widely used nowadays, customers would post constructive comments or feedbacks on social media such as on their Facebook walls. Hamp;M can effectively interact with their customers through such social platforms and better understand what customers expect or want. Lastly, through customer complaints, Hamp;M will then be able to find out their problem and rectify it to further improve on their services, etc. Standards Gap is the difference between the retailer’s perception of customers’ expectations and the service standards it sets. For example, the service standards Hamp;M sets for all their salesperson may be to bring the customer to that specific section when he or she asked where it is. However, the retailer’s perception of customers’ expectations may be just to direct and point out to them which level and which part it is located at instead of bringing them all the way to the area they want. Hence, such difference between the retailer’s perception of customers’ expectations and the service standards it sets will lead to standards gap. In order to reduce the standards gap, strong commitment to service quality by the top management should be done. Top management should give information and training to their service staff so as to provide quality service to their customers. Also, give clear definition of the roles of service providers by setting specific and measurable goals based on customer’s expectations. Lastly, to measure service performance of their service staffs, surveys and mystery shopping could be conducted to see how well their employees fare when they serve a customer. All these would help to set appropriate standards to deliver high quality service to their customers. Delivery gap is the difference between the retailer’s service standards and the actual service provided to customers. In this case, Hamp;M is not applicable to delivery gap as this service quality is immeasurable as there is no specific time a salesperson is given to assist or â€Å"clear† their customers. Communication gap is the difference between the retailer’s actual service and the service that the retailer’s communication programme promises. Likewise, this is also not applicable to Hamp;M as it is a retailer store rather than a transport service that needs to deliver an actual time to the customers.

Chi-Square Goodness of Fit Test

Chi-Square Goodness of Fit Test The chi-square goodness of fit test is a variation of the more general chi-square test. The setting for this test is a single categorical variable that can have many levels. Often in this situation, we will have a theoretical model in mind for a categorical variable. Through this model we expect certain proportions of the population to fall into each of these levels. A goodness of fit test determines how well the expected proportions in our theoretical model matches reality. Null and Alternative Hypotheses The null and alternative hypotheses for a goodness of fit test look different than some of our other hypothesis tests. One reason for this is that a chi-square goodness of fit test is a nonparametric method. This means that our test does not concern a single population parameter. Thus the null hypothesis does not state that a single parameter takes on a certain value. We start with a categorical variable with n levels and let pi be the proportion of the population at level i. Our theoretical model has values of qi for each of the proportions. The statement of the null and alternative hypotheses are as follows: H0: p1 q1, p2 q2, . . . pn qnHa: For at least one i, pi is not equal to qi. Actual and Expected Counts The calculation of a chi-square statistic involves a comparison between actual counts of variables from the data in our simple random sample and the expected counts of these variables. The actual counts come directly from our sample. The way that the expected counts are calculated depends upon the particular chi-square test that we are using. For a goodness of fit test, we have a theoretical model for how our data should be proportioned. We simply multiply these proportions by the sample size n to obtain our expected counts. Computing Test Statistic The chi-square statistic for goodness of fit test is determined by comparing the actual and expected counts for each level of our categorical variable. The steps to computing the chi-square statistic for a goodness of fit test are as follows: For each level, subtract the observed count from the expected count.Square each of these differences.Divide each of these squared differences by the corresponding expected value.Add all of the numbers from the previous step together. This is our chi-square statistic. If our theoretical model matches the observed data perfectly, then the expected counts will show no deviation whatsoever from the observed counts of our variable. This will mean that we will have a chi-square statistic of zero. In any other situation, the chi-square statistic will be a positive number. Degrees of Freedom The number of degrees of freedom requires no difficult calculations. All that we need to do is subtract one from the number of levels of our categorical variable. This number will inform us on which of the infinite chi-square distributions we should use. Chi-square Table and P-Value The chi-square statistic that we calculated corresponds to a particular location on a chi-square distribution with the appropriate number of degrees of freedom. The p-value determines the probability of obtaining a test statistic this extreme, assuming that the null hypothesis is true. We can use a table of values for a chi-square distribution to determine the p-value of our hypothesis test. If we have statistical software available, then this can be used to obtain a better estimate of the p-value. Decision Rule We make our decision on whether to reject the null hypothesis based upon a predetermined level of significance. If our p-value is less than or equal to this level of significance, then we reject the null hypothesis. Otherwise, we fail to reject the null hypothesis.

In the Service of My Lord Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

In the Service of My Lord - Essay Example There, it flashed in me what it was to be a true follower of Jesus Christ who pleaded to the Heavenly Father when crucified on the Cross, "Father, forgive them for they know not what they do" (Luke 23:34). Forgiveness doe not come easily to even ordinary human beings like me. So then, how was it that He, the Holy Spirit, who had within Him the power to speak to the Father who was in Heaven directly, could pray for their forgiveness If He, Son of God, could pray to His Father for forgiveness of those who have been so cruel to Him, was it because He was weak I knew even such a thought was preposterous. To the contrary, it was because He wanted to teach us mortals, the power of forgiveness, the power of prayer. He showed us by His own example, how to forgive, how to pray! I was moved when I realized this, and a strange calm settled in me after this episode. I resolved to take Christ as my 'Guiding Spirit' ever since and truly believe that "His word" has been "a lamp to my feet and a light for my path" (Psalm 119:105). I devoted myself to my studies then on, and have successfully completed my schooling, to the best of my ability. However, the above experience has never left my memory and has made me believe that I can progress in my spiritual as well as social life, by following the path of the Holy Gospel. Education has always been important to our family.

United States's role in outsourcing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

United States's role in outsourcing - Essay Example Outsourcing presents both direct and indirect advantages and disadvantages. Several unfavorable conditions in the country make American companies outsource foreign employees and overseas locations. This paper explores United States role in outsourcing and its impact. The current  U.S. corporate tax code encourages companies to move their operations to foreign locations. It results in the offshoring of jobs that could currently be located in the United States. The government condemns the outsourcing of jobs out of the country by U.S. multinational corporations because it fails to solve issues the employment crisis in the country. In addition, outsourcing weakens the U.S. competitiveness in the international economy. The government tries to attract multinational companies in the country through tax incentives and formulation of policies that provide a favorable work environment. An increase in taxes for multinational business triggers an exodus of business, investments, and work opportunities (Wolverson 1). Multinationals often shift to low-tax countries in which they can maximize their profits. Commonly referred to as ‘tax havens’, such countries offer small corporate tax rates to persuade multinational corporations to transfer inc ome abroad. Production and labor costs are a cause for outsourcing. Other countries offer cheaper sources of labor as compared to American workers who demand high wages. China, for example, has an unrivaled large and reliable labor base that accepts lower pays. While unemployment is rampant in the U.S., it is worse in developing countries such as China, Singapore and Malaysia (Wolverson 1). As companies outsource to China, Americans remain unemployed because of limited job opportunities at home. The companies benefit because they reduce their capital and operating costs. Regrettably, the country loses its productivity and competitiveness in the global economy. Outsourcing

Safe System of Work for Equipment at Height

Safe System of Work for Equipment at Height Introduction Construction industry’s industrial accidents is more than other industries. The accident rate per 1000 workers was 35.9. Among which the highest number of deaths involved in working at height. Which were related to â€Å"fall of person from height†. Working at height in the construction work involving of temporary or transient working environment condition means a lot of inherent hazards and potential hazards. Construction work, safety in the work place is very important, it is essential. Therefore, must take the necessary security measures to ensure the safety operation. Background I am a manager of the Engineering Department of Excellent Property Management Limited. Recently, I observe that fatal accidents involving working at height is a major trend in 2013. While the workers of our company and the outsourced contractors in the estates and plazas are using various facilities in performing their jobs in working at heights. Objective A study of four commonly used equipment for working at height: ladders, mobile type tubular scaffolds, elevated working platforms and bamboo scaffolds. Analyze their function, limitations, risk and encountered in the work processes. Provide relating local safety legislations, Codes of Practices and guidance to the workers. It should to develop for the safe system of work. Which procedural inspected work tasks to find the potential hazards, Inherent risks. Providing the safety and heath policy or strategies in controlling the hazards and demonstrate the understanding of common health and safety management system. Equipment for working at height The common of equipment in working at height: ladders, mobile type tubular scaffolds, elevated working platforms and bamboo scaffolds. Ladders Ladders are the most common ancillary tools for working at height. A simple tools for gaining access to higher levels. Therefore, involving highest number of workers are injured while working at height. Functions of ladders: Portable, easy and convenient. Widely used in various construction units. Easy storage Limitations for use of ladders: Inspect the ladder before every times and regularly afterwards. Must check the ladder side and ladder steps has burst, it has broken rung ladder before use, and whether there are loose or anti-slide pedal to lose and so on. Indicate whether the ladder meets safety standards. Pay attention to the ladder’s safe working load, make sure not to exceed the load when using. Where a handhold is available on the ladder. Ladder placed on a firm and level ground Ladders must be firmly in supporting the matter, if not fastened to the ladder, the ladder should be located under one reference help. Ladders only for 2 meters below the lightweight work Not suitable for long duration or high frequency for work at height. Not suitable for long duration or high frequency for work at height. At a height of 2m or more, ladders only be used for access and egress, and not a place to work During ascent, work and descent on ladder, worker should be capable of retaining three points of contact with the ladder. Ladders must be at the proper angle eyes on the supports, the angle is too large or too small can lead to accidents. Strict compliance with the manufacture’s instructions and safety warnings. Risk for use ladders: fall of person from height The footwear is from mud or grease before climbing up a ladder. The ladder is unstable and resting on an uneven and soft soil ground. The insufficient space behind the steps to provide a proper footing. Never overload the ladder, more than one person is working from a ladder Which should be avoided as far as possible for using ladders: Use any ladder that is already bent or ladder steps has burst Connect short ladders together to form long ones. Overstretch the body to either sides of the ladder. Position the ladder at the place where working Paint something on ladder to cover up crack and defects. Ladders are used as a working platform. Not following the manufacture’s instructions and safety warnings. Not compliant with international safety standards. Training for worker: The worker for use ladder must have related safety training or supervise to guidance to the workers. The correct technique for climbing of ladder. (Three-point contact) Elevated Working Platforms The elevated working platforms is very convenient for ancillary tools for working at height. This is considered to be work equipment that prevents a fall. It is a manned to working at height, such as ceiling maintenance work , repair and cleaning the height air conditioning, lighting or external wall. Limitations for use of elevated working platform: Consider the work requirement the carrying capacity, height of elevation, mobility and stability. The elevated working platform should be match for operation site, on the road and environmental conditions and limitation. The safety passageway for access and egress from the elevated working platforms The important point is the manufacturer or the agents company provides training course on operations, inspection, identify risks, initial fault strain, Fault reporting mechanism and operation of the elevated working platforms. Start to inspect and test the platform before use every time Calculate and record the every time loading weight for manned and equipment to be ensure not exceed the limitation maximum safety work loading. Ensure the elevated working platforms have guard-rails is hard, stable and secure. Has a slip-resistant floor. Install of the toe-boards round at the edge of the platform. Ensure the operation is horizontal level during the rising and falling, does not occur uneven phenomenon. Enclosed working area of the elevated working platform to avoid endangering others persons Must wear safety harnesses with lanyards securely attached to platform’s anchorage points. Risk for use elevated working platforms: Fall of person from height for guard-rail loose or broken. The workers by injured on elevated working platform due to the platform move. The elevated working platform and worker are falling due to exceed the limitation maximum safety work loading. Which should be avoided as far as possible for using elevated working platforms: Move the elevated working platforms when the workers still on it Not secure all guard-rails of the elevated working platforms. Excessive dependence and sit on guard-rails of the elevated working platforms. Riding on the guard-rails up to higher level for working. Lean over out of the work platform outside. Ignore the examine, test and maintain the platform regularly. Work in the absence of adequate of adequate training and instructions Training for worker: The worker for use elevated working platform must have related safety training or supervise to guidance to the workers. The worker should be have the following knowledge, before starting to work: detailed safety operating procedures specified by the manufacturer; limitations on using the elevated working platform; limitations on working loading; items to check before using the elevated working platform; and demonstration and practice on the operating procedures. Mobile type tubular scaffolds Mobile type tubular scaffolds is for temporary structure to support work and access platforms. Mobile type tubular scaffolds can be used for different purposes in different construction activities. To building, dismantling and modifying of scaffolding must be carried out in compliance with the Construction Sites (Safety) Regulations and Codes of Practice for Bamboo and Metal Scaffolding Safety of the Labour Department. Limitations for use of mobile type tubular scaffolds: The safety passageway for access and egress from the mobile type tubular scaffolds. Suitable tail: 900mm – 1150mm top rail, 450mm -600mm mid rail and minimum 200mm high toe board. Toe boards must rise at least 200mm. Has a fencing and outriggers in mobile tower Not suitable for outdoor work in strong winds and inclement weather. Provide enough supporting point to fixing the scaffolding to the building. That could have an adverse effect of weather conditions on the scaffolding work should be constantly monitored and should be taken and provide to maintain the stability of the scaffold and the plant, equipment and works. The Scaffolding should be provide and setting with double guard rails and toe boards. Additional measure such as nylon net is also required to prevent materials, tools or equipment falling. The boards and planks should be unpainted so that any defects are readily visible. To building, dismantling and modifying of scaffolding must be conducted by trained worker under the immediate supervision of a competent person. Boards and planks used in the construction of working platform should be protected against splitting. Mobile type tubular scaffolds placed on a firm and level ground, on different ground surface require different support: Hard surface – is sufficient hardness and thickness to support the scaffolding, but preferably to be placed on a base plate. Other surfaces – is any type of flooring or paving which would be penetrated by a standard with a base plate beneath it or if there is doubt about the surface, should be used base plates or metal packing plates at the bottom of the standards. The supports for a scaffold should be maintained in an adequate condition during the life of the scaffold. The width of working platform of the scaffold not less than 400mm. The group of boards across the width of the scaffold should be consistent with the same length, with all boards of the same thickness. The angle of ladder for the ratio of vertical with horizontal level not more than 4 to 1. Risk of toppling when using mobile type tubular scaffolds: Over the carrying capacity for the top of the working platform. A ladder is placed on the top of working platform to extend to gaining access higher level. The tower is placed on sloping or uneven ground. Which should be avoided as far as possible for using mobile type tubular scaffolds: Move the elevated working platforms when the workers still on it Climb a mobile type tubular scaffold when the wheels are unlocked. In windy or severe weather conditions to use a mobile type tubular scaffold for outdoor work. Move the mobile type tubular scaffold when workers or materials still on the working platform. Training for worker: A trained workman has satisfactorily completed a formal training in metal scaffolding works equivalent to any of those mentioned for a competent person or has satisfactorily passed the intermediate trade test for metal scaffolder of the CICTA and possesses at least 1 year of experience in metal scaffolding works. (Under the Construction Workers Registration Ordinance). Inspected by a competent person before being taken into use for the first time. Inspected by a competent person at regular intervals not exceeding 14 days immediately preceding each use of the scaffold. In respect of scaffolding safety, the worker are subject to the requirements of the following regulations: 38A, 38AA, 38B, 38C, 38D, 38E, 38F, 38H, 38I, 48, 49, 52, Bamboo scaffolds Bamboo scaffold is a temporary structure to work and access platforms. Common in the construction , renovation and repair work. Bamboo scaffold use natural material, cheap and can be recycled. While its flexibility suitable for use on any project, workers can quickly change or bamboo cut to the desired length and shape. Bamboo is lightweight, easy to transport, erect and modify and dismantle is shorter time than other type scaffolding. Limitations for use of bamboo scaffolds: Erection and dismantling the bamboo scaffolding must be in compliance with the Construction Sites (safety) Regulations and Codes of Practice of Bamboo and Metal Scaffolding Safety of the Labour Department. The bamboo higher than 15m, should be designed and approved by professional engineer. Should be provide sufficient support point to secure to the bamboo scaffold with the building or structure to prevent collapse. For avoid materials from material, tools and debris from falling should be erect catch-fans, nylon net and protection screen at the bamboo scaffold. Ensure the Form 5 is duly signed and valid. Suitable tail: 900mm – 1150mm top rail, 450mm -600mm mid rail and minimum 200mm high toe board. Risk of using bamboo scaffolds: Toppling when over the carrying capacity for the bamboo platform. Material or tool from falling when no provide sufficient additional measure to prevent from falling. Toppling when no provide sufficient measure to secured the bamboo scaffold to prevent severe weather. Which should be avoided as far as possible for using bamboo scaffolds: In windy or severe weather conditions to use bamboo scaffold for outdoor work. Working when the bamboo scaffolding is unfinished state. Use incorrect and unsafe method to dismantle bamboo scaffolds. Avoid the demolition bamboo falling on the ground directly and immediately, workers should be one pass one or use vertical transport measure to the ground. Training for worker: Erection, alteration and dismantling of bamboo scaffold must be conducted by trained workmen under the immediate supervision of a competent person. Trained workmen must have formal training in, and possess at least 3 years of experience of, bamboo scaffolding work. Legislative requirements and guidance materials Codes of Practice for Bamboo and Metal Scaffolding Safety Codes of Practice for Metal Scaffolding Safety Practical Guide to Working at Height: Ensuring Safe Work Practices Safe System of Work Safety Guide for Bamboo Scaffolding Work Safety at Work – A Guide to Ladders and Elevated Working Platforms Beware of Fall at Work Guidance Notes on Classification and Use of Safety Belts and their Anchorage System Construction Safety – Working at Height Construction Sites (Safety) Regulations Statutory General Duties Requirements under Factories and Industrial Undertakings Ordinance –Section 6. Conclusion Recommendation For the above measure for working at height, there should be avoid working at outdoor when under windy or severe weather environment conditions. In tools, should be provide workers with tool straps to prevent the tools from falling and provide the tools can be extended to avoid: the worker to lean over out of the work platform outside; riding on the guard-rails up to higher level for working; overstretch the body to either sides of the ladder; connect short ladders together to form long ones. Mark the carrying capacity indicates on the measure prominently displayed to ensure not overload. Clean up the ground near at working at height to reduce the workers from falling additional damage. Use the ladders for working at height should be provide more one worker to accompanied the work, who is responsible for tool storage to avoid the ladder user loss of balance. Considering work preparation and authorization requires at the start of any job. Ensuring safe work methods and necessary measures and including a safe means of access and escape. References: Codes of Practice for Bamboo and Metal Scaffolding Safety (Labour Department) Codes of Practice for Metal Scaffolding Safety (Labour Department) Practical Guide to Working at Height: Ensuring Safe Work Practices (Hong Kong Housing Authority) Safety Guide for Bamboo Scaffolding Work (Labour Department) Safety at Work – A Guide to Ladders and Elevated Working Platforms (Labour Department) LC Paper No. CB(2)279/13-14(05) – (Legislative Council Panel on Manpower) Code of Practice on the Design and Construction of Tower Working Platforms – (Electrical and Mechanical Services Department) Industry-based Committees Bulletins 41th Issue, Safe Use or Mobile Aluminum Towers – (Occupational Safety’s Health Council)

Eminem :: essays research papers

For my research paper, I chose to write about Marshall Mathers. I chose to write about him because he is the best young rapper, and I like how he doesn’t care what happens, he just goes with it. He isn’t a very good role model, but he is funny, and couldn’t care less what anybody says about him. He had a rough childhood that reflects to now, and makes great records and songs that describe his life and what has happened during it. Marshall Bruce Mathers III was born on October 17, 1974 in Kansas City, Missouri. He created his own nickname, Eminem, which is pronounced M&M, from his initials, M.M. Marshall had a harsh and cruel childhood, where he constantly moved between Kansas City and Metro Detroit. When he was a child, he lived with his mother. His mother’s name is Debbie Mathers-Briggs. Eminem has never even seen a picture of his father in his life. Eminem and his mother continued moving and never stayed in one place longer than six months. His mothe r worked very hard and many jobs to provide for herself and Marshall. When Eminem was in school, he used to get beat up every day. There wasn’t one day when he didn’t get beat up by the same group of kids, just for being himself. One day those kids almost killed him, and Eminem went into a coma. The day after he got out of the hospital, they moved again. Eminem continued to move back and forth from his mothers to his grandmothers, until the age of 11, when he and his mother settled in Detroit for good. Marshall first started to get into rap when he was 14. Some of his musical influences growing up were the Beastie Boys, LL Cool J, and Run DMC. As Eminem persued his rapping career, he would often hustle radio stations into playing his self-made tapes, to get some publicity over the radio waves. Marshall felt that his rapping career was starting to take off. He was getting some big calls to rap in major places and he thought everyone has started to love him. Soon, he fou nd the love of his life, Kim. They had a baby girl together, named Hailie Jade, on December 25, 1995. Eminem decided to release his first full-length album in 1996 called Infinite. It was somewhat of an experimental thing, but the record did not sell any copies.

Drink Business Plan Essay

The following marketing plan forms the basis for the introduction of an innovative new product by the Coca-Cola Company. The analysis allows us to outline the best strategies to follow for the achievement of the company’s strategic goals. â€Å"Bubble Buzz† will be marketed as a unique functional drink while striving to reinforce the company’s status as the leader in innovation and successful product launches. The marketing strategies will enable to reach a market size of an estimated 8,688,300 people (targeted) with a forecasted sales growth prospect of 7. 3% over the next 4 years ($243,029. 47 profits), while satisfying the needs of the still-unserved market for ready-to-drink bubble tea. Success will be reflected by a sizeable capture of market shares within this market, while strategically carrying the company up to the top spot as the market leader in the functional drinks segment of soft drinks. Export potential will be considered in China. [pic] Brief description of the company The Coca-Cola Company’s core undertaking is to benefit and refresh everyone it reaches. Founded in 1886, we are the world’s leading manufacturer, marketer, and distributor of non-alcoholic beverage concentrates and syrups, which are used to produce nearly 400 beverage brands that make up for our wide portfolio. Our corporate headquarters are established in Atlanta, and we are holding local operations in over 200 countries around the world. Our activities cover all sectors of the beverage industry. We are the second leading player in functional and Asian specialty drinks, while ranking number one in value for the ready-to-drink tea sector (ref. 1, p. 1). Brief description of the new product, & strategic role in the future position of the company â€Å"Bubble Buzz† will be a bottled beverage and will be positioned as the only ready-to-drink Bubble Tea product available on the market. The beverage will have a green tea base with enhanced fruit flavors (passion fruit, strawberry and lime) as well as tapioca pearls. It will bring an entirely unique drinking experience to its consumers. It will present itself as a funky and unusual alternative to traditional tea while providing the great taste of authentic fruit juice in an attractive and convenient packaging. The strategic role of Bubble Buzz for The Coca-Cola Company is centered around three objectives: †¢ To stay at the forefront as the market leader in innovative product introductions and successful product launches; †¢ To strengthen and satisfy the needs of the more adventurous Generation Y consumers with a new eye-catching and FUNctional product; †¢ To become the market leader in the functional drinks segment with increased market shares. [pic] INDUSTRY ANALYSIS Consumption: The sales volume for the functional drinks segment (ref. D2) in Canada has reached $342. 2 millions in 2004 for a volume of 125. 9 million liters (ref. 2). This product segment has shown a steady growth since 1999: an increase of 13. 5% over a period of 6 years (Appendix A). The consumption rate per capita in 2004 has reached 3. 94 liters, which represents a 4. 0% increase compared to 1999 (ref. 3). The growth of this particular market is largely due to a slow shift in consumer trends. Trends: Through the early 1960s, soft drinks were synonymous with â€Å"colas† in the mind of consumers. In the 1980s and 1990s, however, other beverages (from bottled water to tea) became more popular. Coca-Cola and Pepsi responded by expanding their offerings through alliances (e. g. Coke & Nestea) and acquisitions (e. g. Coke & Minute Maid), but also by focusing efforts on portfolio diversification. Today, while the soft drink industry’s value has increased in 2004, the volume sales of carbonated soft drinks has declined due to a large proportion of consumers who are opting for the trend towards healthier alternatives in the functional drink segment (energy drinks, smoothies, milk & juice drinks, sports drinks) as well as bottled juices and water (ref. 5). Companies have been actively engaged in new product developments in order to counter the growing concerns about negative health impacts of high-fructose drinks, but also to increase the demand in a market where product offerings are quickly maturing (ref. 4). New flavor introductions and health-conscious formulations have been launched in an attempt to offset the decline in carbonated soft drink sales (ref. 6). The functional market is expected to show sustained growth and consumer interest in the future years as consumption shifts to trendier, healthier and more sophisticated products (ref.7). Profitability & future growth potential: In 1993, Concentrate Producers earned 29% pretax profits on their sales, while bottlers earned 9% profits on their sales, for a total industry profitability of 14%. While the functional drinks sector only accounts for 3. 7% of the total soft drinks sales in 2004 (Appendix B), estimates are forecasting a growth of 7. 3% in sales and 11. 0% in volume consumption by 2009 (ref. 4). SWOT ANALYSIS (Strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats) |Strengths |Weaknesses | |Brand strength |Reliant upon line extensions | |Effective stride in new markets |Reliant upon particular carbonated drinks | |Results of operations |Brand dilution | |Strong existing distribution channels |Entrance into difficult non-core categories | | |Saturation of carbonated soft drink segment | |Opportunities |Threats | |New product introductions |Strong competition | |Brand is attractive to global partners |Potential health issues | | |Free trade | Explanations in APPENDIX C COMPETITION Coca-Cola’s top competitors for the soft drinks industry are PepsiCo (31. 6%) and Cadbury-Schweppes (15. 8% of market), which combined, represent about 48% of the total market (ref. 9). Coca-Cola is leading with 43. 7% of the total soft drinks market. In the functional drinks sector, PepsiCo is the current market leader with 60. 5% of the market shares in 2004. Coca-Cola Co is second with 32. 8% (ref. 2, see Appendix D1). Bubble Buzz will launch into a currently unserved subset of that market (RTD â€Å"Ready-To-Drink† Bubble Tea), which is until now unexisting. It is anticipated that the following brands could potentially compete with Bubble Buzz in the functional drinks market: Brisk, Lipton Iced Tea, Sobe (owned by PepsiCo), as well as Snapple’s and Hawaiian Punch (owned by Cadbury/Schweppes). Bubble Buzz also creates a potential situation for cannibalism with Coca-Cola’s very own brands of iced tea and other functional drinks. The current market for traditional Bubble Tea is fragmented, since the distribution is restricted to local outlets and selling points such as counters and small Bubble Tea shops in scattered locations across Canada. However, direct competition from these local players is not anticipated, since the marketing roll-out will initially emphasize on product awareness and both sales channels do not reach or serve the same market (retailing vs. counter/restoration). A strong distribution system already exists with Coca-Cola, since partnerships and channels are already in place. This will facilitate the product’s reach into its target market. Further data concerning competing market shares and distribution channels are available in Appendix D(1-3). Barriers to entry: |Business practices |Manufacturing | |Due to the number of competitors, it will be hard to prevent |Producing bottled Bubble Tea requires sizeable capital | |imitation behaviour (especially from PepsiCo) |investments for the specific needs of the manufacturing chain | | Risk of competing with emerging private labels (e.g. President’s|(from ingredients to final packaging specifications) | |Choice) |The marketing campaign to make this unknown brand popular | |Given the wide array of brands (saturation in the soft drink |requires more promotional expenditures than a traditional brand | |market), it becomes a challenge for Bubble Buzz to stand out |extension | TARGET MARKET. Segment identification: RTD (Ready-to-drink) bottled Bubble Tea, to be established within the Functional Drinks sector Segment needs: The product will cater to both physiological needs (hydrating and nutritional value) and social needs (perception of a social, fun drink with a sense of belonging within peer consumer groups) † (ref. 11, p. 127). Segment trends: The current trends include a shift away from junk foods and carbonated drinks, a growing interest for healthier / beneficial products for the â€Å"mind and body† (ref.10), the trend towards the availability of on-the-go products for those with an active lifestyle, as well as the trend for personalization through customization (or for beverages, through variety-seeking in a wide introduction of flavours † ref. 6). Segment growth potential: Statistical reports anticipate a segment growth of 1. 72% over the next 9 years (2015) for the 10-29 years old subsets (ref. 12). Refer to Appendix E. Size of the segment (population): 8,688,300 (329,600 L). Refer to Appendix E. |Segmentation variables and breakdowns for Canadian consumer market of Bubble Tea | |MAIN DIMENSIONS |VARIABLES |BREAKDOWNS | | |Region |Nationwide (all provinces and territories) with emphasis on urban / metropolitan areas, and| | | |adapted strategies for all geographical groups | | |Area size |5000-19,999 to 4,000,000+ | | |Density |Urban, suburban | | |Climate |All (East, West) | | |Age |10-29 years old (teenagers, studying age and young adults) | | |Gender |Male and Female | | |Income |All under $30,000 | | |Occupation |Students; new graduated; new workers; young professionals | | |Education |Elementary 4th grade, High school, CEGEP and University | | |Race |All: Asian, Black, White, Native; other; with adapted strategy for Asian consumers already | | | |familiar with Bubble Tea | | |Home ownership |Renting apartment/condo, living with parents | | | |(Highly discretionary in personal spending) | | | Personality |Brand conscious, anchored in popular culture, inclined for differentiation and | | | |sophistication, very tolerant towards multiculturalism and internationalism (open-minded), | | | |quick maturation with modern products | | |Lifestyle |Most of them dependent on parents, no major responsibilities, highly influenced by peer | | | |groups, active life, importance of school, work and social life | | |Benefits sought |COMMUNICATION BENEFITS | | | |-Nutritional information | | | |-Informational text on history of product | | | |FUNCTIONAL BENEFITS | | | |-Healthier than soft drinks | | | |-Convenient, easy to take out | | | |PERCEPTUAL BENEFITS | | | |-Quality/Premium price | | | |-Social standing/good-looking | | | Usage rate |Seasonal (peak in summer), daily-basis, weekly basis | | |User status |Non-user, regular user (current user through existing bar-shops) | | |Loyalty status |None, medium, strong | Positioning strategy: The only RTD bottled bubble tea available. Funky & eye-catching bottle, functional packaging, premium-priced, cool, new and unusual, unique drinking experience, aspects of play (tapioca pearls, oversized colored straw), variety of flavors, sweet, refreshing, for hip & young people, healthier alternative to heavy-sugar drinks. CUSTOMER ANALYSIS Profile: Name: Bob Thomson Date of Birth: 25. 03. 85 Age: 20 Occupation: University Student Country: Canada Needs: Healthy lifestyle/Social belonging People: Roommate/Friends/Family Places: Clubs/Coffee shops/University/Gym Activities: Basketball Team Due to his active and quick-paced life, Bob wakes up at 6:30AM every morning. Today, he puts on his trendy Lacoste Polo and Diesel Jeans, and of course, he always has his Puma shoes on. After having called his friends with his new Samsung camera phone, he leaves his apartment and goes to his gym by metro, while listening to his favourite music that he downloaded to his iPod. Bob usually likes to work out before he has to head to University. That way, he feels he has more energy and feels ready to confront his busy day attending courses and getting things done. On his way to school, Bob knows he is thirsty and he feels the need for something very refreshing. He stops at a convenience store next to the gym. Standing in front of all the choices in the beverages aisle, one particular bottle catches his sight. And he instantly recognizes the brand. He knows that this is a bottle of Bubble Buzz, because not only does his other friends often drink it, but he also heard them talk about this brand new product that Coca-Cola just launched. He also previously saw Bubble Buzz ads when he surfed on his favourite websites. He grabs a bottle, and takes a closer look at the nutritive information label. He is very pleased to see that the new drink is more nutritive and definitely healthier than the other soft drinks that were available on the shelves next to it. The higher price of the product doesn’t bother him, since he perceives â€Å"Bubble Buzz† as a high-quality, functional product, which is manufactured by a well renowned company. Plus, he did not feel like simply buying bottled water, or carbonated soft drinks. Because of his inclination towards more sophisticated tastes, and because he likes to try new products on his own, he thinks this bottle is worth the price. Because of his busy schedule, Bob prefers to save time as much as he can. Thus, he decides to buy two bottles. One to quench his immediate thirst, and another one that he wants to save for later in the day. He sees that the packaging is so convenient and easy to carry, and so when he exits the store, he puts the second bottle in his backpack. He attends all of his classes. During his break, he always hangs out with his friends. A lot of them are drinking from different â€Å"Bubble Buzz† flavours. He opens his second bottle, since he had such a great experience with the first one. He liked that the beverage was so unusual, yet refreshing. The drink surpassed many of his expectations. He has no doubt about it. Bob will continue to buy Bubble Buzz for its good taste, and also because at his age, he sees it is the coolest trend right now. [pic] Based on the aforementioned analysis, Bubble Buzz appears to be a profitable and innovative product with a strong outlook for market share presence and segment growth opportunity. Upon implementation of the marketing plan, the Coca-Cola Company will regain increased market shares and claim its targeted situational position of market leader in the functional drinks segment as well as keeping its long-standing consumer recognition for innovative and successful product launches in diversified markets. Projected profits will be $243,029. 47 (see financial projections). Marketing Plan Part 2: Marketing Strategy [pic] The objectives of the marketing plan are strategically centered around 3 criteria: to create a strong consumer awareness towards a completely new bubble tea product from Coca-Cola, to establish a wide brand recognition through the capture of market shares in the functional drinks segment, and to become the top market leader in that particular segment within the forecasted sales figures. [pic] PRODUCT STRATEGY The core o Bubble Tea beverage in a pre-bottled, ready-to-drink format. The actual product o Packaging and labeling: see figure below o Branding: colorful, aspect of play, round shaped, prominent Bubble Buzz logo written in modern font, catchphrases such as â€Å"Think outside the Bubble† and â€Å"Get Your Buzz†. o Trade name: Bubble Buzzâ„ ¢, a Coca-Cola product o Brand personality: energy, funky, cool, functional, original, funny, healthy, etc. o Brand equity: Coca-Cola provides a quality, consistent, innovative and accessible soft drink reputation. Augmented product o Nutritional information, Status (social drink), Features promoting the website, Health benefit of a green tea base (ref. 17) Marketing considerations o Product life cycle: Bubble Buzz is a low-learning product. With a strong marketing campaign, â€Å"sales [will] begin immediately and the benefits of the purchase are readily understood† (ref. 11, p. 301). Since Bubble Buzz is prone to product imitation, Coca-Cola’s strategy is to broaden distribution quickly, which is currently feasible thanks to the company’s high manufacturing capacity. o Product class: Food & beverage ( Soft Drinks ( Functional Drinks (refer to Appendix D2 for a break-down of the functional drinks market). o Bubble Buzz follows the practice of product modification (ref. 11, p. 304): Coca-Cola is introducing an existing beverage (bubble tea) but redefines the drink with a new, more convenient package. Bubble Tea will now become a widely available drink in multiple retailing (distribution) channels. [pic] PRICE STRATEGY The price strategy that will be undertaken should consider the following aspects: 1. Consumer demand 2. The product lifecycle 3. Potential substitutes Customer demand. Customer demand is a crucial factor which is driven by tastes, income and availability of others similar products at a different price (mentioned later in the potential substitutes section). For a lot of consumers, value and price are highly related: ‘’the higher the price, the higher the value’’. Consequently, Coca-Cola’s intention to position Bubble Buzz as a unique, innovative and attractive product gives it a certain control over Bubble Buzz price. To be able to implement higher pricing though, the minimization of the non-monetary costs to customers should also be include along with awareness of the product (notably by advertising) and value (benefits) . The product lifecycle. The company should take advantage also to the fact that the newer the product and the earlier in its lifecycle the higher the price can usually be. It ensures a high profit margin as the early adopters buy the product and the firm seeks to recoup development costs quickly and it also brings a certain prestige to the product. Potential substitutes Coca-Cola is constrained by the monopolistic market in which it competes. The main characteristic however is product differentiation. Other constraints (See Appendix M) PROMOTION STRATEGY Objectives: †¢ To initiate strong awareness about the launch of Bubble Buzz throughout Generation Y (10-29 years old) consumers as well as their parents. †¢ To win market shares over our top functional drinks competitor, PepsiCo. Message: The promotional outputs will convey the clear message that â€Å"Bubble Buzz is a healthy drink for sporty and young people who simply enjoy taking care of their body and life. † Concepts: †¢ â€Å"Think outside the bubble†: Be Bold, Be Original, Be Different, Be Yourself. †¢ â€Å"A good spirit in a good body. † †¢ â€Å"For the out-of-the-ordinary individuals who like to challenge themselves. † Media selection: Before choosing the appropriate medias, it is important to note that Generation Y consumers only give partial attention to media. However, they can be reached through integrated programs. They are typically using more than one communication media at a time; a behaviour that is often called â€Å"multitasking†. This group of consumers doesn’t give its full attention to one single message, but rather uses continuous partial attention to scan the media. Marketers can still communicate with Generation Y by using a variety of targeted promotional tools. Another important tactic to reach our target market is through â€Å"Viral† or â€Å"Buzz† marketing, which Coca-Cola will heavily use in this campaign (campus, contests). Advertising: Refer to APPENDIX H for detailed explanations |Output |Examples | |Television |MTV, Much Music, VrakTV, YTV | |Radio |MIX96, CKOI 96. 9, 94. 7 FM, Universities | |Magazines |For girls: Cosmo, Elle | | |For boys: Sports Illustrated (or Kids edition) | |Internet |Banners on select websites (gaming, sports, etc. ) | | |Official promotional website: www. BubbleBuzz. ca | |Outdoors |Billboards and prints in select areas including: | | |Campuses, transportation (bus, metro, stations) | | |Tourist areas in high seasonal periods | | |Outskirts of key cities in geographical reach | | Others |Not relevant | |Personal selling |Direct contact with retailers, sales kit strategies to be explained later in the | | |text. | |Public relations |Stands or special displays and events in schools, malls, sports events (i. e. 2008 | | |Beijing Summer Olympic Games), sponsorship activities | |Publicity |Conferences, press releases (print and online), buzz marketing through TV coverage | Promotional Mix: Consumer oriented: †¢ Contests: â€Å"Win another Bubble Buzz flavour†, â€Å"Uncover a secret code underneath the bottle cap and win sporting goods and electronics by logging on the website†, â€Å"Win a trip for the 2008 Olympics in Beijing†. (Arguments: It will increase consumer purchases and encourage consumer involvement with the product). †¢ Samples: distributed in supermarkets, school/universities. Samples are a way to avoid product resistance since people are not used to find bubbles in their drinks. Arguments: It will encourage new product purchases and it represents low risk for consumers since they get it for free. They have nothing to loose by trying it. †¢ Point-of-purchase: in supermarkets (to reach the parents of generation Y). Arguments: It is also a mean to increase product trial and provides a good product visibility. †¢ Others: In subsequent years, engage in product placement in TV shows or movies. Trade oriented: †¢ Allowances and discounts: case allowance (Arguments: The â€Å"free goods† approach will be used so it can encourage retailers to buy more of the product to get a certain amount for free). †¢ Cooperative advertising: to encourage retailers to buy our product and to maintain our high level of advertisement that consumers expect from Coca-Cola. Other considerations: †¢ Scheduling of the advertising: Pulse scheduling (promotional presence year-round, but emphasized and intensified before and during summer). †¢ IMC (integrated marketing communication) Target Audience: †¢ Intermediary: personal selling will be more often used. †¢ Ultimate consumer: Coca-Cola will use more of mass media because the amount of potential buyers is large. PLACE (DISTRIBUTION STRATEGY) Bubble Buzz will be distributed through these channels: supermarkets, convenience stores, independent food stores, discount stores, multiple grocers, vending machines, direct sales. [pic] |Projected Financial Performance | |Revenues |$ 597,124. 00 |Based on sales @ different channel’s price | |COGS |214,964. 64 |Based on weighted average percentage in past data | |C. M. |382,159. 36 |Revenues – COGS | |Fixed Costs : | | | |SG&A cost : |113,453. 56 |Half of the O/H costs estimated, based on past data | |Capital expenditures : |25,676. 33 |4. 3% of revenue, based on past data | |Profits |243,029. 47 |CM † SG&A † Capital expenditures | Requirement for success analysis: C. M. per bottle = 382,159. 36 / 328,000 = $1. 17 Break-even: (113,453. 56+25,676. 33) / 1. 17 = 118,914 (bottles) Market share: 118,914 / 1,000,000 = 11. 9% In one year, if Coca-cola can sell 118,914 bottles of Bubble Buzz, or in other words achieve 11. 9% of the functional drink market share, it will break even. After this point, every bottle Coca cola sells will generate average $1. 17 towards the profits. The potential profits can up to $1,030,770. 00[1] based on our target market. Expected Costs: COGS: $597,124 * 36% = $214,964. 64. O/H: $597,124* 38% = $226,907. 12 Expected Revenues (total) = $597,124 (refer to Appendix J) [pic] China is the target country we’re going to expand our product. Reasons: 1. With a total population of 1,313,015,000 in the end of 2005 and 327,714,000 in our target market (age 10 to 25 years old), compared with the total population of Canada—304,453 million, there definitely is a great potential worth to work on. 2. absolute expenditure on food and non-alcoholic beverages is expected to increase from 1,777 billion in 2005 to 2,154 billion in 2010 (though the proportion of consumer expenditure on this part is decreasing from 28. 39% to 25. 75% ) 3. Soft drinks industry is one of the fast growing industries in China, especially fruit/vegetable juice, RTD tea, and Asian speciality drinks and bottled water have shown a sharp increase during 1998 to 2003. 4. Bubble tea was originated in Taiwan. Soon after its introduction in China, it became one of the most popular beverages sold in tea stores on the streets due to the similar taste and similar cultural background. So, it is a good chance for us to enter into this market. 5. Since we are the top sponsor for the upcoming Beijing Olympic in 2008. With more opportunities to expose to the public, it is going to benefit our sale there. Our entry-strategy for entering China is through licensing. Reasons: 1. We have already provided licenses for manufacturing our products in China (licensing the bottlers and supply them with our syrup required for producing). Therefore, added in one or two more products in our production chain would not be that difficult. 2. It is relatively low risk when compared with direct investment there. It is low cost to export our new products there since we can maintain lower labour cost and lower material cost if we produce our products locally, especially in China. Changes to be made: 1. Price: Price sold in China is going to change to accommodate the local desire. As we set our price sold in Canada $2. 00. Compared to the price sold in the bubble tea store ($ 3. 50), it is about 57. 14%. So, with the information we gathered from the tea store in China[2], the price sold there would be 57. 14% of what sold in the tea store—$12 Yuen in China currency. Then, it would be around $7 Yuen, about CAD$1[3]. 2. Naming the product: In order to be recognized and accepted more easily for the local market, we need not only translate our product name but also make sure there’s not hidden unintended meaning that would damage our product. 3. Develop other flavours that would attract the local market: Since milk based bubble tea sell better in China, we will add in this product line. Also, we will avoid using too many artificial colors as they are not appreciated as much as in Canada. Moreover, people in China are becoming more and more health concerned, especially the amount of sugar and additives added in the drinks. We will make some changes in the ingredients used to appeal the local market, i. e. less sugary drinks. 4. Promotion: In contrast to the radio ads in Canada, we will use more TV and Web advertisement there due to the highly exposed environment in China. Also, we will put more emphasis on the ads on the public transportation such as underground/subway system and bus service due to the more frequent use of the public transport service there. Also, since the outdoor display screen is quite popular in big cities, we will also take advantage of it. [pic] [pic] APPENDIX A (ref. 2) [pic] APPENDIX B (ref. 4) [pic] APPENDIX C (ref. 1 & 8) STRENGHTS Brand strength (see Appendix F for brand rankings) The Coca-Cola Company is the largest manufacturer, distributor and marketer of nonalcoholic beverage concentrates and syrups in the world. The Coca-Cola brand is unarguably one of the most recognizable brands in the 200 countries where it sells its products. The strong brand name is one of the basis for the company’s competitive advantage on several of its core markets. Effective strides in new markets. Coca-Cola has partnered with several companies (such as the joint venture with Nestle) in order to increase the ability to react to demands and changes in the markets of iced tea, coffee and juices. The developing markets are more complex than the carbonated soft drinks. Results of operations In 2004, net-operating revenues totaled approximately $21. 9 billion, an 8% increase from 2002. Gross profit totaled $14. 3 billion in 2004. The company generated $5,968 million from its operating activities and re-invests heavily into its business. The ability to generate significant cash flows is one of the its key strengths (ref. 16). Strong existing distribution channels Coca-Cola has operations worldwide and is well established in its distribution channels (such as store retailers or vending machines). Therefore, a new product launch can typically rely on the existing distribution system in order to reach the majority of its target market while requiring no major supply / delivery developments. WEAKNESSES Relying upon line extensions Coca-Cola is relying on brand extensions increase sales in specific lines, particularly its long-time carbonated soft drink products (i. e. the introduction of Vanilla Coke helped maintain sales for the core Cola beverages). However, there is a strong risk of cannibalizing existing sales in the long term (for example, Bubble Tea might deter on sales for iced tea). Reliant upon particular carbonated drinks The long-time presence of Coca-Cola’s Coke beverage has established this particular line as a flagship product. While the core Coke products bring a solid base of sales and loyalty to the company, consumers’ expectations also become more and more anchored and single-lined, taking away freedom in the areas of line diversification and product modifications (taste, packaging, price). Brand dilution The tremendous amount of existing brands and new product being introduced by the company could diminish the value and differentiating strength of each product that is being manufactured. Entrance into difficult non-core categories The Coca-Cola Company is a truly global multinational business giant. While some categories of products are distributed in many areas of the globe (Coke, Powerade, etc. ), geographical needs already require that these global brands are heavily adapted to their target region. Furthermore, many smaller and diversified product lines are more or less popular in one particular region over another. Therefore, the process of diversifying the production and marketing each product involves costly investments. These capital requirements typically increase as the product becomes heavily focused (for example, since the Coca-Cola brand is highly recognizable worldwide, marketing a bottle of Coke in Japan would be less difficult than marketing a bottle of â€Å"Qoo† in that same country † â€Å"Qoo† being a lesser-known non-carbonated drink which was one of Coca-Cola’s newest brand introduction in 1999). Saturation of carbonated soft drink segment Due to the countless number of brands available on the market, it becomes increasingly difficult in the soft drinks segment to innovate and create new products that genuinely stand out from their competition. And as we have seen, an analysis of the industry has shown that growth in the soft drinks market becomes difficult and challenging when the conditions and consumer trends cause a market demand that stays stagnant. OPPORTUNITIES New product introductions The functional drinks market is one that particularly allows more innovation opportunities and gives greater freedom for creativity in the design, production, manufacturing, distribution, promotion and retailing choices and processes. Brand is attractive to global partners. Because of the company’s size (including value, brand name and operating revenues) and wide portfolio base, Coca-Cola enjoys a strong purchasing power over its suppliers, and also attracts large partnerships with various levels of consumer reach (e. g. Burger King, movie studio promotions, sponsorship agreements, etc. ). Existing brand awareness also provides an international playing field for powerful marketing strategies. THREATS Strong competition Coca-Cola is competing in a global market that is characterized by an oligopoly between several (but few in numbers) competitors. The fight for market shares and sales in crowded markets becomes a complex one. Potential health issues. The current trend of consumer and consumers groups’ awareness towards goods and services is both beneficial and threatening for companies in the food and beverages industry. Over the last few years, concerns over health issues have risen in the media through an expanded and ever-growing network of â€Å"knowledge outputs† (journals, TV channels, internet and so on). The move of the younger generation towards a healthier lifestyle call for careful planning and decision-making in new product developments. Large companies can also easily become the target of consumers’ apprehension.